Sustainable Design Principles

The U.S. Green Building Council to promote the design and construction of buildings that are environmentally responsible, profitable and healthy places to live and work Mission:

The U.S. Green Building Council National non-profit organization Diverse membership of organizations Integrate building design sectors Lead market transformation Educate owners & practitioners

LEED Green Building Rating System Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Sustainable Sites Water Efficiency Energy & Atmosphere Materials & Resources Indoor Environmental Quality Innovation & Design Process

Sustainable Sites site selection Intent: Limit expansion of developed areas, preserve ecologically productive land Prevent site disturbance during construction Do not develop on inappropriate sites Develop in areas with existing infrastructure, not greenfields Redevelop brownfield sites

Sustainable Sites transportation Intent: Reduce emissions & land development impacts from vehicle use Public transportation access Bicycle storage & changing rooms Preferred parking for fuel efficient vehicles & carpools Reduce parking capacity (minimum zoning requirements)

Sustainable Sites stormwater / development Intent: Reduce pollutants & strain on infrastructure, Reduce stormwater quantity, improve quality (wetlands & vegetated filtration) Maximize open areas on the site Protect or restore habitat Eliminate heat island effect Light pollution reduction

Water Efficiency landscaping Intent: Eliminate potable water use for irrigation, reduce demand on infrastructure & natural resources Use native vegetation Capture rainwater for irrigation Eliminate site irrigation systems Reuse condensate water from HVAC systems

Water Efficiency wastewater Intent: Eliminate potable water demand for conveying wastewater Treat wastewater on-site Use stormwater/graywater for sewage conveyance Use high efficiency/dry fixtures Reduce demand on infrastructure

Water Efficiency reduce water consumption Intent: Conserve water – it is a natural resource Standard: Energy Policy Act of 2005 Use high efficiency/dry fixtures Recycle graywater Dual flush toilets/low flow shower heads

Energy & Atmosphere commissioning Intent: Construction cost savings Improved coordination between design, construction & occupancy Fewer system deficiencies at building turnover Energy savings Improved indoor environmental quality Intent: Many systems are designed correctly, but installed or operated improperly A quality-oriented process for achieving, verifying and documenting the performance of facilities, systems and assemblies to meet defined objectives and criteria Cost of fundamental commissioning +/- $1/SF Owner develops project requirements Designer develops basis of design

Energy & Atmosphere commissioning Construction cost savings Improved coordination between design, construction & occupancy Fewer system deficiencies at building turnover Energy savings Improved indoor environmental quality Commissioning requirements should be incorporated into the construction documents Enhanced commissioning includes systems manuals, training & a 10-month review

Energy & Atmosphere optimize energy performance Intent: Reduce energy consumption (reduces pollution) Includes building envelope, HVAC, lighting Minimum standard: ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Up to 19 points available for 48% energy reduction Over 20,000 SF requires whole building energy simulation

Energy & Atmosphere optimize energy performance Building orientation, improved building shell Appropriately-sized HVAC systems Energy recovery from exhaust air Harvest on-site energy: solar, wind, geothermal

Energy & Atmosphere reduce refrigerants Intent: CFC’s deplete the ozone layer No CFC’s permitted, phase out of old facilities Reduce use of CFC’s, HCFC’s, HFC’s Consider use of natural refrigerants: carbon dioxide, ammonia, propane

Energy & Atmosphere reduce refrigerants Maintain equipment: prevent leakage into the atmosphere Depleted ozone layer permits ultraviolet rays to penetrate the atmosphere

Energy & Atmosphere measure & verify Intent: Measure building energy consumption over time Establish a base year of operation Compare future performance to the base M&V period starts after reasonable occupation & stability

Energy & Atmosphere green power Intent: Promote alternative energy sources Purchase at least 35% of electricity from Green-e certified provider Tradable renewable energy certificates (REC’s) can be used

Materials & Resources the 3 R’s + 2 Intent: Reduce materials extracted, reduce their transportation Reduce: materials extracted Reuse: existing products Recycle: demolition & construction waste ReStore: Habitat for Humanity Regional: sustainable for the environment & the economy

Materials & Resources recycling Intent: Reduce waste hauled to & disposed of in landfills During construction: develop waste management plan Operation: provide an area within the building for storage & collection of recyclables Minimum: paper, corrugated cardboard, glass, plastic & metals

Materials & Resources building reuse Intent: Extend life cycle of existing buildings, reduce impact of new buildings as they relate to materials & transportation Reuse structure & envelope Reuse interior partitions & products where possible Do not reuse contaminants & hazardous materials Upgrade HVAC, windows & plumbing fixtures for increased efficiency

Materials & Resources materials reuse Intent: Reuse building materials, reduce demand for virgin materials “One man’s trash….” Consider furnishings Other options: posts & beams, flooring, doors, brick, cabinetry

Materials & Resources recycled content Intent: Reduce demand for virgin materials Post-consumer: generated by households & businesses Pre-consumer: generated by manufacturing process Many suppliers list recycled content Establish goals during the design phase

Materials & Resources recycled content Example: Steelcase “Context” furniture 40% recycled content 8% post-consumer recycled content 92% recyclable Context also incorporates water-based adhesives with low VOC’s

Materials & Resources regional materials Intent: Reduce impact of transportation Options: concrete, block, brick, wood products West Virginia is in a great location (500 mile radius) Creates healthier local economy

Materials & Resources rapidly renewable materials Intent: Reduce depletion of finite raw materials 10-year plant-to-harvest cycle Options: bamboo, wool, linoleum, cork, wheatboard, even poplar

Materials & Resources certified woods Intent: Encourage environmentally responsible forest management Current standard: Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) Most West Virginia forests adhere to Sustainable Forest Initiative (SFI) standard USGBC is reviewing this credit to possibly include SFI

Indoor Environmental Quality minimum performance Intent: Enhance indoor air quality in buildings Indoor air can be 2-5 times more polluted than outdoor air Prevent “sick building syndrome” Standard for fresh air: ASHRAE 62.1-2007 Eliminate or contain tobacco smoke IAQ Sanitation Odor/VOC Removal Ventilation Humidity Control Filtration Level

Indoor Environmental Quality ventilation Intent: We all need fresh air! Measure fresh air delivery Increase natural ventilation… can be difficult while reducing energy use Monitor air quality during construction to keep workers safe Protect systems during construction IAQ Sanitation Odor/VOC Removal Ventilation Humidity Control Filtration Level

Indoor Environmental Quality materials Intent: Reduce harmful contaminants released by many materials Adhesives & sealants (GreenSeal standard) Paints/stains (low VOC) Flooring (Green Label, Floor Score) Composite wood (no urea formaldehyde)…remember Katrina trailers

Indoor Environmental Quality reduce pollutants Intent: Minimize exposure to pollutants in the indoor environment Entryway systems Housekeeping, copy/print rooms & laundry areas: separate HVAC systems MERV 13 filters

Indoor Environmental Quality occupant comfort Intent: Promote productivity, comfort & well-being of occupants Controllability of lighting & HVAC systems Set increased HVAC design parameters for temperature & humidity Give a majority of occupants access to daylight & views

Innovation & Design Process additional items… Intent: Be rewarded for exceptional performance above LEED requirements Innovation Education of the users & general public Life cycle cost analysis Initial Cost Service Costs Prevent. Main. Costs Operating Costs Disposal Costs

ZMM Case Studies Lincoln County High School Awarded commission in October 2000 Presented green design study to the Superintendent in 2002 Incorporated affordable green design features Construction bids received in March 2004 Building occupied fall term 2006

ZMM Case Studies Lincoln County High School Sustainable Sites: Building orientation Erosion and sedimentation control Stormwater management Stormwater filtering Holding pond

ZMM Case Studies Lincoln County High School Explored, but not incorporated: Bicycle storage Reflective roof to combat heat island effect Bid add alternate was $95K – not accepted Preferred parking for energy efficient vehicles Could be implemented now at no cost

ZMM Case Studies Lincoln County High School Water efficiency: No landscape irrigation Water use reduction Dual flush fixtures Water saving fixtures Explored, but not incorporated: Graywater system Bid add alternate was $200K, not accepted Graywater sprinkler system Bid add alternate was $250K, not accepted

ZMM Case Studies Lincoln County High School Energy & Atmosphere: High efficiency equipment Condensing boilers (95%+ efficient) Chiller heat recovery Fluorescent lighting, high CRI CFC reduction No ozone-depleting refrigerants Explored, but not incorporated: Full system commissioning Estimated cost was $200K Measurement & verification Estimated cost was $20K

ZMM Case Studies Lincoln County High School Materials & Resources: Storage & collection of recyclables Educational opportunities of recycling Local & regional materials Explored, but not incorporated: Construction waste recycling Estimated cost was $50K Rapidly renewable materials Wood from managed forests

ZMM Case Studies Lincoln County High School Indoor environmental quality: CO2 monitoring/control Construction IAQ management Low VOC-emitting adhesives, paints & carpets HVAC digital control system Daylighting Building orientation Automatic light level control Benefits of natural light Reduce energy consumption

ZMM Case Studies Lincoln County High School Cost breakdown: Sustainable Sites Nominal Water Efficiency Estimated at $50K Energy & Atmosphere Materials & Resources Indoor Environmental Quality Estimated at $625K (daylighting & lighting controls make up $600K of this cost)

ZMM Case Studies Lincoln County High School First costs vs. long-term benefits: First cost of green features $700,000 $3.23 per square foot Percent of construction costs $31,400,000 = 2.25%

ZMM Case Studies Lincoln County High School Long-term benefits: Lower natural gas consumption Lower water consumption Lower electricity consumption Longer life of HVAC equipment Lower absenteeism Higher student & teacher performance Much better indoor air quality Lower impact on the environment

ZMM Case Studies WV State Office Buildings 5, 6 & 7 Sustainable Sites: The project site has access to public transportation A bicycle storage & shower area (potentially a campus-wide facility) should be developed to encourage bicycle commuting for employees who live nearby Prime parking areas should be developed for employees who carpool, as well as for alternative fuel vehicles The new roof will be highly reflective to reduce heat island effect

ZMM Case Studies WV State Office Buildings 5, 6 & 7 Water Efficiency: Low flow & dual flush fixtures will be used throughout All new landscaping plans should utilize native vegetation

ZMM Case Studies WV State Office Buildings 5, 6 & 7 Energy & Atmosphere: New windows will help reduce solar heat gain New, more efficient HVAC system will replace the perimeter induction units Systems will be commissioned to ensure that all mechanical and electrical systems operate properly

ZMM Case Studies WV State Office Buildings 5, 6 & 7 Materials & Resources: Recycling areas are developed for each floor, and should be developed for the entire campus A recycling program should be established, and all employees educated in the process A construction waste management plan will be implemented Included in the specifications Has already included recycling of the demolished demountable partitions

ZMM Case Studies WV State Office Buildings 5, 6 & 7 Materials & Resources: Recycled content materials will be utilized, including drywall, steel & acoustic ceiling tiles Locally & regionally produced materials will be used, including acoustic ceiling tiles, plywood, carpeting & resilient flooring Cradle-to-Cradle certified furniture systems are specified Raised floor with a modular, “plug & play” wiring system will eliminate future demolition waste

ZMM Case Studies WV State Office Buildings 5, 6 & 7 Indoor Environmental Quality: Smoking will be prohibited near entryways & near air intakes An indoor air quality (IAQ) management plan will be implemented during construction Air quality will be measured & verified in all occupied areas to ensure that occupants are receiving enough fresh air All paints, mastics & sealants will contain low VOC’s Regular replacement of mechanical filters should be implemented

SUSTAINABILITY Final thoughts…. It’s not about doing less… It’s about designing better! 2008 SUSTAINABILITY

Exterior Links The United Nations provides a driving force to help lead the way in dealing with global climate change. The Kyoto Protocol was initially established in 1992 and lead the creation of the UNFCCC, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.