HIST 1114 Renaissance and Reformation Dr Niall Christie Office Hours: Monday and Wednesday, 1330-1420; Tuesday, 1130-1430, and by appointment Copy of outline on the web at: <http://www3.telus.net/nchristi/HIST1114outline.html>

Some terms: Renaissance Giorgio Vasari (1511-74) Period from 14th c. Italian cultural movement to mid-17th century

Some terms: Reformation 19th-century term Period starting with reform activities of Martin Luther in early 16th c., to end of religious wars in mid-17th century, incl. Catholic and Protestant reformations

Some terms: Early Modern Period Approximately 1450-1750

Story so far to 1300 AD.. Political Developments Religion Education and Culture Social History

Map Link: Reference Map of the European Provinces of the Roman Empire: <http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd_1911/ shepherd-c-038-039.jpg>

3rd-4th c. Fall of Roman Empire Eastern empire becomes Byzantine Empire, based at Constantinople Western empire becomes patchwork of states

Map Link: Europe in the 12th Century: <http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/ europe_12thcentury_1884.jpg>

1300 Feudal system beginning to break down scutage Divine right of kings

Religion In 1300 most western Europeans are Catholic Christians Innocent III (p. 1198-1216) 1215 Fourth Lateran Council Papal Monarchy

Archdeacons (usually 4 archdeaconries/diocese) Pope Major Orders Cardinals Archbishops/Bishops Cathedral Canons Archdeacons (usually 4 archdeaconries/diocese) Rural Deans Parish Rector Vicar or Curate Chaplains, Deacons and Subdeacons (not beneficed) Minor Orders (allowed to marry)

Monasteries and nunneries Friars – Franciscans and Dominicans Canons – Augustinians Military Orders – Templars, Hospitallers, Teutonic Knights

Education and Culture Most scholars are clergy Late 12th/early 13th c. Expansion of education system in Europe, incl. foundation of universities Peter Abelard (1079-1142) Thomas Aquinas (1225-74) 12th c. Recovery of Aristotle

Growth of vernacular literature Song of Roland Old French epic poem, earliest version from c. 1100

The Golden Legend (c. 1260), by Jacobus de Voragine (1228/30-98) Compilation of lives of saints, as well as events in lives of Christ and Virgin Mary

Social History manorial/seignorial system 9th-11th c. peasants becoming serfs in exchange for protection 12th-13th c. Serfs gaining freedom through bribery, education, civil resistance, law

12th-13th c. Growth of towns as commercial centres Guilds and town councils

Women: position in mediaeval society?

Others: Non-Christians or non-Catholics – merchants, slaves, P.O.W.s Non-Christians also incl. large Jewish communities throughout Europe

14th c.-15th c. Period of crisis in Europe c. 1300 Climate change in Europe 1315-17 Widespread famine

1347-50 Black Plague strikes Europe Bubonic plague - buboes Pneumonic plague 1400 Population of Europe has halved 1720 last outbreak in France

Reactions: Panic, breakdown of society Scholars of Paris and the conjunction of 1345 Flagellants Blame of Jews

1358 French peasants’ rebellion (Jacquerie) 1381 English peasants’ rebellion

1337-1453 Hundred-Years’ War between England and France

Impact of wars: Mercenaries and standing armies Impact of gunpowder weapons Change in role of nobles at courts Change in taxation practices Helping growth of nationalism

1453 Solidification of England and France as different nations 1462-1505 Reign of Ivan III (the Great) of Russia, who unites state with capital at Moscow 1492 Last Muslim state in Iberia destroyed. Consolidation of Spain and Portugal as distinct states

Map Link: Europe about 1560: <http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/europe_ 1560.jpg>

1300 Osman Gazi sets up principality in Asia Minor By 1451 Ottomans have taken Asia Minor, Bulgaria 1453 Ottomans take Constantinople Map Link: Ottoman Empire, 1355: <http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/ byzantine_empire_1355.jpg>

1517 Ottoman authority recognised at Mecca and Cairo 1534 Ottomans take Baghdad janissaries Istanbul Map Link: Ottoman Empire, 1481-1683: <http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/ ottoman_empire_1481-1683.jpg>

1309-77 Papacy at Avignon 1378 Start of Great Schism. Rival popes at Avignon and Rome 1409 Council of Pisa fails to resolve dispute. Now three popes! 1417 End of Great Schism at Council of Constance

Map Link: The Great Schism, 1378-1417: <http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/ great_schism_1378_1417.jpg>

Early 15th c. Invention of oil-based ink and wooden hand press in Flanders 1450 Johannes Gutenberg (c. 1395-1468) and others invent movable metal type Early 16th c. Print shops in Edinburgh and Stockholm

Themes in the explorations and colonisations of the 15th and 16th centuries: Role of Christianity Alexander VI (p. 1492-1503) Might makes right A “smaller” world

Amerigo Vespucci (1451-1512) Martin Waldseemüller (c. 1470-1522)

Primary Sources: written by people living at time or soon after Secondary Sources: Works of interpretation or analysis written long after the fact Important to read critically, with eyes open for agendas, biases, etc. Applies to both primary and secondary sources, as well as newspapers, TV, web sites, etc

Reading (Primary) Sources Context Who wrote this? Where and when? Was the author an eyewitness? Why was it written? To whom is it addressed? Who are they?

Reading (Primary) Sources Classify Source What sort of work is it? What is its purpose (stated or not)? Is it following a traditional structure or mould?

Reading (Primary) Sources Understand Source What are the key words? Meaning? What is the author’s point? What evidence is provided? What assumptions are made? What values are expressed? What problems are addressed? Context? What reaction is expected/hoped for?

Reading (Primary) Sources Evaluate Source How typical is the source? How widely did it circulate? Does it share views/values/ideas/arguments with others from period? Can you find other evidence to corroborate your conclusions?