They’re like people, except that they’re plants Plant Systems They’re like people, except that they’re plants

Root and Shoot Systems Plants have two separate systems: Shoot System: Leaves, stem and flowers Root System: Roots underground (micronutrients)

Plant Tissue Types Dermal Tissue: “Plant skin,” the outermost layer, protects the plant Vascular Tissue: “Plant veins,” made up of xylem (carries water/minerals) and phloem (carries food) Ground Tissue: everything else, all cells between dermal and vascular layers Meristem Cells: found in tips of roots and shoots, is where growth occurs

Plant Tissue Types

Root Works to anchor the plant, and also allows the plant to absorb food, water and minerals (micronutrients) There are 2 types of roots: 1) Taproots – absorb deep water and store nutrients 2) Fibrous Roots- absorb water and support soil (more efficient than taproots)

Stem Transports water, minerals and food throughout the plant. Also helps support leaves. Xylem and Phloem make up the vascular system (nutrient transport system) of the plant Xylem transports water and minerals up the plant. Phloem transports food up AND down the plant.

Movement of Water in Stem Xylem are able to transport water from the roots up due to 2 actions: Cohesion and Adhesion which create Capillary Action. Transpirational Pull which occurs when water evaporates from the underside of leaves and creates a sucking force similar to a straw

The Palisade Mesophyll are the cells that do most of photosynthesis Leaves The Cuticle is the top waxy layer of the leaf, it helps prevent the loss of water Leaves are photosynthetic organs for plants – they absorb sunlight to make food using chlorophyll (green pigments in chloroplast that absorb sunlight) The Palisade Mesophyll are the cells that do most of photosynthesis The Stoma are openings that allow gases to pass through, they are surrounded by guard cells. (stomata = plural)

Photosynthesis and Respiration Notice the products of photosynthesis are the reactants of respiration and the products of respiration are the reactants of photosynthesis sunlight 36 ATP

Flower Flowers are the sexual reproductive organs for plants. The petals are designed to attract pollinators like bees and hummingbirds.

Male Portion of a Flower The Stamen is the male component of a flower, it is made of: Anther- creates pollen (sperm cells = Male GAMETE) Filament-supports anther

Female Portion of a Flower The Pistil is the female component of a flower, it is made of: Stigma- sticky surface for pollen Ovary- contains ovules/eggs. Becomes a fruit to help spread seeds Style-links the stigma to the ovary

Pollination Pollination is when the male GAMETE (sperm) transfers to the female GAMETE (ovules/eggs). This can happen in 2 ways: Wind carries pollen to its destination. This is a random process and requires a lot of pollen production An animal carries the pollen to its destination. This is targeted process and does not require a lot of pollen production

Fertilization Just like in humans, fertilization occurs when a sperm cell and egg cell come together. Sperm and egg are sex cells which are called gametes. It takes 1 sperm and 1 egg to form a zygote which is a fertilized egg. This egg contains a full set of chromosomes which is called being diploid. We refer to diploid cells as having 2n chromosomes This means that the sperm and egg each only have a half set of chromosomes which is called being haploid. We refer to haploid cells as having 1n chromosomes.

Fertilization