Types of Maps Today’s Objective Explain the different types of map and their purposes and identify examples of those maps

Characteristics of a Good Map Title What is it? Where is it? O Orientation Directions (Compass Rose) D Date When is it from? A Author Who made it? L Legend What do the symbols mean? S Scale Map distances compared to real distances I Index List of locations found on map, corresponds with grid G Grid Locates places on a map (lat/long, letters/numbers) Source Where did the author get info?

Maps Cartography is the art of map making Two purposes As reference tools To find locations, to find one’s way As communications tools To show the distribution of human and physical features Used to wage war, make political propaganda, solve medical problems, bring relief to refugees, and warn of natural hazards

Early Map Making

Types of Maps Mental Maps Reference Maps Individual representation of a place based on prior knowledge and impressions Example? Reference Maps Show absolute location, can learn where something is found, shortest route between two places Thematic Maps (textbook says these maps are used as a communications tool) Depict the distribution of human activity or physical features

Types of Thematic Maps Cartogram Dot Choropleth Flow Isoline

Types of Thematic Maps Cartogram Dot Map The size of a location is based on a particular defined characteristic. Distortion is evident. Dot maps represent quantities or occurrences. They are placed on the map in the approximate location of the occurrence. They are the best maps to use if you want to show distribution.

Types of Thematic Maps Choropleth Flow Map On these maps, each unit area is shaded or colored to suggest magnitude of the event or item within its borders. Patterns or colors are used to show magnitude or intensity. Recommended: only 3-5 colors. These maps are used to show movement. These maps often make use of arrows.

Types of Thematic Maps Isoline A map with continuous lines connect points with the equal value Can you identify each of these maps?? Let’s try!

Map Projections: Why do we have them? problem of mapping three-dimensional maps are two-dimensional impossible to convert spheroid into flat plane without distortions → map projections http://www.gi.alaska.edu/~rgens/teaching/lectures/map_projections.pdf

Map Projections continued Cylindrical projections cylinder that has its entire circumference tangent to the Earth’s surface along a great circle (e.g. equator)

Types of Cylindrical Projections Behrmann Cylindrical Equal-Area

Types of Cylindrical Projections Gall - Peters Distorts shape, but shows correct size

Types of Cylindrical Projections Mercator The most used wall maps Distortion takes place in the North and South of Map Magnifies Antarctica, Greenland, and slightly Asia and N. America Purpose: originally used to plot routes in 1500s

Types of Cylindrical Projections Robinson Projection: Does best at showing best size and true shape

Map Projections Conic projections cone that is tangent to the surface along small circle (e.g.parallel of latitude)

Map Projections Azimuthal projections projecting positions directly to a plane tangent to the Earth’s surface

Review Questions 1) A system for transferring locations from a globe to a flat map is A) distribution. B) interruption. C) rendition D) scale. E) projection.

Review Questions 2) Distortion is especially severe on A) globes. B) small-scale maps. C) large-scale maps. D) topographic maps E) all maps.

Maps: Scale Types of map scale Projection Ratio or fraction Written Graphic Projection Distortion Shape Distance Relative size Direction

Large Scale vs. Small Scale Maps

Review Question 3) Scale is A) the system used by geographers to transfer locations from a globe to a map. B) the extent of spread of a phenomenon over a given area. C) the difference in elevation between two points in an area. D) the relationship between the length of an object on a map and that feature on the landscape. E) the ratio of the largest to smallest areas on a map.

Review Question 4) If the scale of a map is 1:100,000, then 1 centimeter on the map represents ________ on Earth's surface. A) 1 kilometer B) 10 kilometers C) 10,000 kilometers D) 100,000 kilometers E) it depends on the size of the map

Review Question 5) 1:24,000 is an example of what kind of scale? A) bar line B) metric scale C) graphic scale D) written scale E) fractional scale

Review Question 6) Which map would have the largest scale? A) world B) continent C) state D) city E) county

U.S. Land Ordinance of 1785 Township and Range system Township = 6 sq. miles on each side North–south lines = principal meridians East–west lines = base lines Range Sections

Review Question 7) The township and range system A) resulted in a gridlike pattern for much of present-day land use in the United States. B) is in use nearly everywhere in the world. C) was used for navigation by early pioneers. D) all of the above