Evolution: Change over Time

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Evolution: Change over Time Mrs. Paparella May 2012

Honey Creepers of the Hawaiin Islands http://www.york.ac.uk/news-and-events/features/honeycreepers/

Similarities to Darwin’s Finches Heather Lerner, an assistant professor of biology at Earlham College, added: “Some eat seeds, some eat fruit, some eat snails, some eat nectar. Some have the bills of parrots, others of warblers, while some are finch-like and others have straight, thin bills. So the question that we started with was how did this incredible diversity evolve over time?”

Family Tree of “ Darwin’s Finches”

Burst of new evolution is called a “Radiation” These birds evolved between 4 million and 2.5 million years ago after the formation of specific Hawaiin Islands.

How and Why did the species evolve How and Why did the species evolve? How does this demonstrate geographical isolation? “Each island that forms represents a blank slate for evolution, so as one honeycreeper species moves from one island to a new island, those birds encounter new habitat and ecological niches that may cause them to adapt and branch off into distinct species.”

Why is this such an important discovery? Professor Hofreiter, of the Department of Biology at the University of York, said: “Honeycreepers probably represent the most impressive example of an adaptive radiation in vertebrates that has led to a number of beak shapes unique among birds. In our study we are, for the first time, able to resolve the relationships of the species within this group and thereby understand their evolution."

What is the role of genetics in evolution? Random mutations that are advantageous to the survival of an organism when environmental conditions change over time are passed on to future generations. Offspring that have those new characteristics are able to survive and pass those changes on to their offspring. New species evolve because of those changes becoming consistently seen in future generations.

What bird is the ancestor of the honeycreeper? “Using genetic data from 28 bird species that seemed similar to the honeycreepers morphologically, genetically or that shared geographic proximity, the researchers determined that the various honeycreeper species evolved from Eurasian rosefinches. Unlike most other ancestral bird species that came from North America and colonized the Hawaiian Islands, the rosefinch likely came from Asia, the scientists found.”

What is the current status of the honeycreeper species? More than half of the known 56 species already extinct. The researchers focused on the 18 surviving honeycreeper species but of those, six are considered critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, four are considered endangered and five are vulnerable. Professor Hofreiter said: “It is a tragedy that most species from this unique group of birds, one of the best examples of the power of natural selection we have on earth, are extinct or on the brink of extinction. We still have time to take actions to conserve the diversity that is left.”

What is the next step for researchers? They will “ use museum specimens and subfossil bones to determine where the extinct species fit into the evolutionary family tree, or phylogeny, to see if the new lineages fit into the overall pattern found in the current study.”

And now for something completely different………. Cartoons are often an easy way to get a point across to a reader. Take a look at the following 3 cartoons and explain the role of evolution.

100 Million Years Ago What event caused Larry to evolve into a snake?

The Platypus and the Spiny Anteater The ant eater and the platypus are “distant cousins”. The spiny ant eater and the platypus are known as echidna. These animals are monotremes (egg-laying mammals). Monotremes live only in Australia and New Guinea. What role does geographical isolation have in the explanation of where the species are found?

What do all living things have in common????

The end????????? really only a transition---------imagine how we might evolve in another million years-------What characteristics might we develop that allow us to adapt to changing environmental conditions????? How would those new traits come about???