Vertebrates I Chapter 17

Vertebrate Characteristics Skull Vertebrae Skeletons that are alive Endoskeletons Composed of bones and cartilage

Vertebrates have Ribs Skeletal structures supporting limbs Joints Skull Vertebral Column Organs Most Have: Ribs Skeletal structures supporting limbs Joints Muscles

Circulatory System Function of blood: to carry food to all cells of the body and to transport O2 and carries CO2 Oxygenated vs. deoxygenated blood Oxygenated takes O2 from the heart to the rest of the body Deoxygenated brings back CO2 from the body to exchange for O2

How many chambers? 2, 3, 4? Fish have two-chambered hearts One receives blood and the other pumps it out GillsO2Rest of Body Reptiles and amphibians have three-chambered hearts One gets deoxy and the other gets oxy… the third mixes the two together and pumps it out Birds and mammals have four-chambered hearts The chambers on one side have oxy and the chambers on the other side have deoxy Deoxygenated side pumps blood to the lungs. The lungs send the blood back to the other side of the heart with oxygen The oxygenated side sends the blood to the rest of the body!

Respiratory SYSTEM Gills Lungs Water Gills take O2 from water and give off CO2 Capillaries in the gills exchange the gases Air Lungs exchange O2 for CO2 Different ways to breathe

Central Nervous system (CNS) Consists of the brain and the spinal cord This is where reactions are controlled The brain is the master…he decides what happens! We are using a frog as our example for the nervous system!

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Consists of nerves that run throughout the body, sensory receptors and sensory organs Sensory Organ- collection of sensory receptors (eye) Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves

Fish are ectothermic: their body temp changes with their surroundings

Fish Anatomy Fish flex their entire bodies to move Some fish have swim bladders Scales for protection Lateral Line to detect pressure and vibration Nostrils are for smelling Reproduce by spawning

Amphibians Ectothermic Amphibian means double life Half of life in the water and the other on land! Amphibians

Metamorphosis Process that changes an amphibian from a gilled aquatic organism to an air breathing organism

Tailless Amphibians Toads are dry and might be far from water Frogs have moist skin and are usually near water Eggs  Tadpoles (gills and tails  develop lungs and resorb their tails Frogs and toads hybernate

Frogs and Toads eat Frogs eat bugs, worms, snails etc. Toads can eat small birds and fish Catches its food with its tongue- like lightning! Frogs have sticky tongues Two sets of teeth for holding food in Swallows by blinking

Reptiles all breath with lungs and they don’t experience metamorphosis Although many people clump amphibians and reptiles together they are very different Reptiles all breath with lungs and they don’t experience metamorphosis

Reptile characteristics Ectothermic Three-chambered heart Scaly skin protects from drying out Leathery eggshells allow for laying far from water

Living Reptiles Four Groups 1. Snakes and Lizards 2. Alligators and Crocodiles 3. Turtles 4. Tuataras

Lizards- four legs, ear openings, movable eyelids Snakes and lizards Snakes-no legs, no ear openings, immovable eyelids, tongue detects food and danger Lizards- four legs, ear openings, movable eyelids Both molt: shed skin periodically

Eating Snakes have double hinged jaws so that they can open their mouths really wide! Red on black, friend to Jack…red on yellow, keell that fellow!

Crocodiles and Alligators Crocodiles and alligators live in shallow waters-streams, rivers, swamps and lakes Usually found in tropical areas Use tails to propel through water Nostrils and eyes can stay above water Distinguished by the shape of their mouths Crocs- narrow, pointed snouts Gators- broad rounded snouts

Sea Turtles- live in the ocean Paddle-shaped legs for swimming Tortoises- live entire life on land Terrapins- freshwater that venture onto land

Turtle Characteristics Two hard, bony shells that protect their bodies Bony plates covered with large scales Some turtles can pull all of their extremities into their shell