Introduction to Respiratory System What are the functions of the respiratoy system? Getting gases in and out… Environment to blood = Blood to tissues = __________ and _____________ What structures are necessary? http://www.listenforjoy.com/art/deepbreath.html

Introduction to Respiratory System How does your nose contribute? Olfactory epithelium Speech… _________ Cavities or spaces in bones of skull, empty into the nasal cavity to provide resonance. ______________ inflammation of membranes lining sinus cavities

Respiratory System: Gills What features are peculiar to Agnathans? What all (?) have vertebrates have in common… _____________meet ______________… the branchial membrane then ruptures forming gill slits In Hagfishes __________ and __________ branchial ducts carry water towards and away from the pharyngeal or gill pouches

Respiratory System: Gills What features are peculiar to Agnathans? Lamprey are tightly attached to host/prey… External nare ends in a blind sac. Consequently, they pump water in and out via the external gill slits. __________________ facilitates breathing and feeding.

Respiratory System: Gills What features are peculiar to Chondrichthian fishes? Chondrichthian fishes have a spiracle and often 5 pairs of gill pouches except for Hexanchus and Heptanchus Spiracle of skates and rays __________ incurrent, _______ in most sharks, but _________ or lost in fast swimming species Naked gills (no operculum)

Respiratory System: Gills What features are peculiar to Chondrichthian fishes? ___________ are the vascular layers found in gill chambers _____ and _____________ demibranchs are supported by an interbranchial septum

Respiratory System: Gills What features are peculiar to Chondrichthian fishes? _______________ support and provide structure for primary vasculature ______________ guard the slit

Respiratory System: Gills What features are peculiar to Chondrichthian fishes? _________________ of water and blood from ventral aorta facilitates diffusion. Lamella increase surface area (primary and secondary) http://www.upei.ca/histology/html/fish_gills.html

Respiratory System: Gills What features are peculiar to Chondrichthian fishes? Water flows in via spiracle and mouth (______________) when branchimeric muscles expand the pharyngeal chamber. Mouth closes and hypobranchial muscles make the gill chamber expand (_____________) Constrictors decrease volume of gill chamber forcing water out gill slits (_____________)

Respiratory System: Gills What features are peculiar to Bony fishes? Pharyngeal arches support holobranchs. Presence of _____________ a major difference. Gills occur in an ________________. Mouth opens, pharyngeal floor lowers (opercula closed) (inspiration) Opercular chamber volume increases as opercula open Constrictors decrease volume of opercular chamber forcing water out opercular cleft (expiration)

Respiratory System: Gills What other functions do gills serve? ____________… salts in marine fish, nitrogenous wastes in all fish and CO2 even in lungfish

Respiratory System: Gills What features are peculiar to larvae? 3 types: External gills found on larval amphibians and a few types of fish ____________________ (internal) found on chondrichthian fishes _________________ unique to later staged tadpoles http://edoras.duhs.duke.edu/gallery/albums/9/p8120048.jpg

Respiratory System: Gills What features are peculiar to larvae? External gills Internal gills http://fixedreference.org/2006-Wikipedia-CD-Selection/wp/f/Frog.htm

Respiratory System: Nasal structures What is the role of the nares in most fish? ____________________ have anterior and posterior regions (incurrent and excurrent aperatures respectively). The passageway leads to blind sacs used for olfaction Lobe-finned fishes the nasal cavities communicate with the pharynx via _______________

Respiratory System: Swim bladders How are foregut evaginations related to lungs in humans? These sacs store gases taken directly from the atmosphere (________________) or from the blood with no connection to the pharynx (___________) The gas can be … Serve as ______________, also help ____________.

Respiratory System: Swim bladders

Upper Respiratory System How are foregut evaginations related to lungs in humans? The lung bud is a single evagination that communicates with the pharynx via the glottis It bifurcates and pushes caudad until they are beside the heart Lung bud tissue between lungs and glottis become…

Upper Respiratory System: Larynx

Upper Respiratory System: Larynx What are the functions of the larynx? Functions to control entrance to trachea and to allow speech Comprised of several cartilages… Tracheotomy or Cricothyrotomy

What are the functions of the larynx? http://www.ghorayeb.com/LARYNXPICTURES.html

Upper Respiratory System: Larynx What are the functions of the larynx? __________________and __________

Upper Respiratory System: Larynx Since birds don’t have a larynx… how do they make noise? They pass air through a structure (__________) just cephalic to bronchi.

Lower Respiratory System: Lungs

Lower Respiratory System: Lungs What special adaptations do birds have? http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/birdrespiration.html

Lower Respiratory System: Lungs What special adaptations do birds have?

Lower Respiratory System: Lungs What special adaptations do birds have?

Lower Respiratory System: Lungs

Lower Respiratory System: Lungs How do the components of alveoli differ? * http://medinfo.ufl.edu/year1/histo/quiz/mh09.html