PEN in Uganda CIFOR, March 2009 Pam Jagger, Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University

I. Context Tropical high forest Altitudes between 1000-1800 m.a.s.l. 1000; 700; 800 sq. kms Villages (n=18) Range: 43 to 244 (avg.=118) Households (n=540) Avg. hhd size 6.0 Variability: Market access Ethnic diversity Migrant populations Lake Albert

II. Household incomes sources Avg. % Subsistence Crop 173 408 (152 412) 71 Business 55 096 (163 014) NA Direct forest 41 705 (43 549) 88 Non-forest environmental 40 672 (47 791) 95 Wage 30 886 (85 551) Forest derived 18 217 (75 544) 29 Other 16 351 (50 932) Livestock 11 108 (28 159) 78 1 USD = 1817 UgShs.

III. Income sources and seasonality Forest and env. product harvest inc. when crop production down (Q1/Q3) Forests support a lot of current consumption – but with critical nutrition implications Omit total.

IV. Key forest and environmental products Direct Forest Income Share of Total Percent for subsistence use Fuel wood 56.4 97.7 Poles 18.6 96.9 Forest Derived Income Sawn wood 74.2 27.9 Charcoal 10.6 25.5 Non- forest Environmental Income Wild vegetables 13.3 Thatching grass 10.7 99.5 How was pricing done: Quarterly village level price surveys Collection of conversion factor data so that average prices per standardized unit could be calculated Collection of time use and average wage rate data on quarterly basis – but limited data on forest and environmental income harvesting

V. Income composition and poverty Total Income Forest Income Share of Income from Forests 1 141 128 20 463 14.5 2 226 893 35 122 15.5 3 306 041 38 051 12.4 4 421 477 58 120 13.8 5 893 619 146 007 16.3 1 USD = 1817 UgShs.

VI. Other patterns Only 2 percent of households reported using forests to cope with shocks Most common coping mechanisms: Spend savings (21.4%) Do nothing (18.2 %) Help from friends (15.1 %) Pathway out of poverty? The relatively wealthy who cut timber are better off – but no evidence of the poor lifted into higher quintiles Market access Hard to make sense of data - + and - correlations

VII. Policies and overall findings Policy mechanisms to substantively increase forest-based income for the poor are few and a challenge to implement Forest sector governance reform has had a negative effect on both forest cover and the share of forest income for the poorest households Forest fragmentation has implications for what we call “forest income” Most surprising – how forest income has increased for wealthy households in Budongo (partially due to price increases)