The Integumentary System Chapter 5 The Integumentary System Part A

Functions _____________________– Barrier against infection and injury Help regulate body __________ Removes ______________ Protects against UV radiation Sensation -- touch Produce vitamin___________ Reservoir of__________

Skin (Integument)- largest organ Consists of three major regions ___________– outermost superficial region _________– middle region contains nerves, bloods vessels and glands ______________– deepest region, contains fat

Skin (Integument) Figure 5.3 Figure 5.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cells of the Epidermis ______________– produce the fibrous protein keratin ______________– produce the brown pigment melanin Langerhans’ cells – epidermal macrophages that help activate the ________________system _____________cells – function as touch receptors in association with sensory nerve endings

Sweat Glands 2 types prevent overheating of the body; others secret cerumen and milk ______________sweat glands – found in palms, soles of the feet, and forehead ___________sweat glands – found in axillary and anogenital areas ______________glands – modified apocrine glands in external ear canal and secrete cerumen ____________________glands – specialized sweat glands that secret milk Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Skin Color Three pigments contribute to skin color Melanin – yellow to reddish-brown to black pigment, responsible for dark skin colors Protects skin from damage by absorbing UV radiation Freckles and pigmented moles – result from local accumulations of melanin ________________– yellow to orange pigment, most obvious in the palms and soles of the feet _____________– reddish pigment responsible for the pinkish hue of the skin Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Sebaceous Glands ___________________skin Found __________________over the body Secrete an oily secretion called____________________ Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Hair Helps maintain_____________, senses insects on the skin, and guards the scalp against physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight Filamentous strands of _________________keratinized cells produced by hair_____________________ Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Structure of a Nail Scale-like modification of the ________________ on the distal, dorsal surface of fingers and toes Figure 5.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Skin Cancer UV damages skin cells and produces cancer UV intensity is getting higher due to reduction of ______________in atmosphere Skin protection from UV is vital to body______________

Immune System

General Characteristics: The germ theory of disease – infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms The body’s main __________against pathogens Fights infection by producing cells that _________________foreign substances or cells

Ways to Contract Pathogens: Physical contact – Coughs, Sneezes, Touching objects, Sexual contact Contaminated food or water Animal __________________– Insects, Mammals, Birds

Disease: ____________________diseases – immune system makes a mistake & attacks body’s own cells Body fails to recognize “self” from “nonself” & produces “antiself” antibodies Diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis

Disease (con’t) Human ______________________Virus Replicates inside the cells of the immune system Transmitted through exchange of body fluids (blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk)

Two General Categories of Body Defense: Nonspecific defenses a. First line of defense is the_________________ 1. Acts as a ___________against infection 2. Oil & sweat glands produce___________ environment that kills many bacteria

Two General Categories of Body Defense: b. Secretions of body (mucus,___________, tears) often contain an __________that breaks down the cell walls of many______________

Two General Categories of Body Defense: c. Second line of defense – inflammatory response When there is tissue damage, ________________vessels near wound expand & white blood cells enter ______________ tissues (swelling)  lead to fever - immune system chemicals increase body______________________

Two General Categories of Body Defense: Specific defenses __________– foreign protein on a pathogen produces an immune response Immune response involves two types of white blood cells B cells – provide immunity against antigens & pathogens in body fluids T cells – provide defense against abnormal cells & pathogens inside cells

How the Immune System Works: ___________of pathogen recognized by B cells B cells grow & divide rapidly, producing plasma cells & memory B cells a. Plasma cells release antibodies – proteins that recognize & bind to antigens b. Memory cells remain after plasma cells die out & help produce_____________ response next time this pathogen is encountered

General Characteristics: T cells divide & differentiate into killer T cells, helper T cells, suppressor T cells, & memory T cells Killer T cells track down & destroy cells containing pathogens Helper T cells produce memory T cells Memory T cells produce secondary response Suppressor T cells shut down killer T cells as pathogens are brought under control

Types of Immunity or treatment: Passive immunity – antibodies produced by other people or animals Antibodies produced by mother passed to fetus across placenta or through breast milk

Types of Immunity or treatment: ______________- Vaccines stimulate the immune system to create millions of plasma cells ready to produce specific types of antibodies ____________– kill bacteria without harming cells of host