16.3 Notes: New Issues Malcolm X “Nobody can give you freedom. Nobody can give you equality or justice or anything. If you're a man, you take it.”

1. The Changing Movement By 1966? OK. So what is wrong? By the 1960s racial injustice was no longer limited to the south. By 1966? 69% of Black Americans were living in metropolitan areas 45% were living outside of the south OK. So what is wrong? American society is improving. Poor urban communities were not. More than 50% of nonwhites lived in poverty. Black unemployment was 2x that of whites.

The battle against racism was moving out of the south. The Changing Movement The battle against racism was moving out of the south.

The battle against racism was moving out of the south. How? The Changing Movement The battle against racism was moving out of the south. How?

The Changing Movement De Jure Segregation & De Facto Segregation De Jure Segregation by law Example? Jim Crow Laws De Facto Segregation in practice Example? Residential living patterns

De Facto Segregation De Jure Segregation Mid-West & North De Facto Segregation De Jure Segregation South The Two Different Black Americas

How does one end de facto segregation? The Changing Movement How does one end de facto segregation?

Is it unconstitutional to be racist or have racist beliefs? The Changing Movement Is it unconstitutional to be racist or have racist beliefs?

The Changing Movement Urban areas were becoming tense De jure segregation can be ended. De facto segregation is a choice. Urban areas were becoming tense due to lack of opportunity. Riots broke out in: Harlem Chicago Cleveland Los Angeles Number of riots in the summer of 1967? 43

The Watts Riots in Los Angeles http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6PVzar8jw4

2. Kerner Commission on Civil Disorders Task? Find out what caused these riots. Findings? White racism & the formation of two different American cultures: Inner-City Blacks & Suburban Whites

Angry white mobs stopped him from marching through the city. 3. Chicago Movement MLK, Jr. and his wife move into a slum apartment in Chicago to draw attention to poor neighborhoods and housing. Outcome? Angry white mobs stopped him from marching through the city. Mayor Richard Daley wanted to stop tension, so he promised to clean up the slums.

From Integration to Racial Distinction Black Power Malcolm X

Founder of “Black Power” “If you are nonviolent, if you suffer, then your opponent will see your suffering and will be moved to change his heart...[King] only made one fallacious assumption. In order for nonviolence to work, your opponent must have a conscience. The United States has none.” Stokely Carmichael Leader of SNCC in 1966 Founder of “Black Power”

Black Power Encouraged: Black Power Movement Suggested a move away from interracial cooperation and toward increased awareness of racial distinction. Black Power Encouraged: Study of black history Pride in black heritage Stimulate black literary & artistic movements Rejection of white cultural practices Most Importantly? Schism forms within the Civil Rights Movement (What do you think “schism” means?)

Civil Rights Organizations Non-Aggressive Radical/Militant NAACP The Urban League SCLC SNCC CORE SNCC CORE

Malcolm X & The Nation of Islam

Malcolm X Malcolm X Mini-Bio "...and after America has long passed from the scene, there will still be Black people.” Black Separation "The Powder Keg” A Letter From Mecca The Audubon Ballroom

6. Black Panthers 1966 Oakland, California “Black Panther Party for Self-Defense” urban followers of Malcolm X counterculture, socialism Revolution was necessary so blacks should arm themselves and force whites to give them equal rights Confrontational, militant, sometimes violent J. Edgar Hoover called them the “greatest threat to the internal security of the country”