Who is this? Why is he famous? What was his biggest failure? What happened to him as a result?

Who is this? Why is he famous? What was his biggest success?

Henry’s Great Matter Henry is determined to get a divorce. The pope has repeatedly refused – even Wolsey couldn’t persuade him! Cromwell is determined to help the King. Between them, they achieve their aims, and as a result England breaks away from the Catholic Church. How was this done?

What Henry needs to do Make the divorce legal. He needs the POWER to grant himself a divorce. Convince people that the marriage to Catherine was wrong and marriage to Anne is legitimate Avoid angering Charles V.

Establishing the Royal Supremacy: How? 1532: Submission of the Clergy. All clergy have to agree that Henry has the power to veto church law and choose bishops. 1533: Act in Restraint of Appeals. Becomes illegal to appeal to the pope against decisions in English Church courts. Who is this aimed at? Justifies this because H claims that he is an ‘emperor’ based on some quite dodgy history! (The Collectanea Satis Copiosa) Useh/w 0 booklet with table from SHP and teacher fill in gaps using notes on next page

Establishing the Royal Supremacy: How? 1534 Act of Supremacy Acknowledges Henry as ‘supreme head’ of the Church of England. 1534 Treason Act Makes denying the royal supremacy a crime of treason. Why do you think he introduced this? Act of Succession: Makes Mary illegitimate and confirms the children of Henry and Anne as heirs to the throne. Useh/w 0 booklet with table from SHP and teacher fill in gaps using notes on next page How far do these Acts constitute religious change?

What was the role of Parliament in establishing Royal Supremacy? What do you know about the role of Parliament up until this point? What was is generally used for? How are the various Acts used to establish the Royal Supremacy different from this? Why do you think Henry made use of Parliament in this way? Parliament generally used for taxation. Only called when monarch needed it. Also used for appeals from people. Statute law (Parliamentary law) did have a high status, but generally kings ruled by proclamation Significant political and religious change -not just taxation. This Parliament sat for a long time (7 years) which gave MPs lots of experience. These changes were so important that they needed the elevated status of statute law. Only Parliament can overturn laws made in Parliament, but royal proclamations can be overturned by royal proclamations. This meant his changes would be more lasting. Also, Henry needed the nobility, senior clergy, gentry and influential people (all represented in Parliament) in order to make sure that these changes were implemented in practice. Therefore he needed to a) get them onside and involve them in the decisions b) communicate what the changes were and c) gauge what resistance there might be by the reactions of people in Parliament.

What was the role of Parliament in establishing Royal Supremacy? Cemented the new laws – only Parliament could overturn them Communicated the new laws via MPs and the nobility Essential tool to put pressure on clergy and Pope. Systematically stripped away the power of the Pope and transferred these key powers to the king Known as the Henrician Reformation. It was a political reformation

Historical Debates Henry was just trying to put pressure on the pope to agree to the divorce and only established the Royal Supremacy when the pope would not back down Henry set out to set up the Church of England at the outset OR Think about: How long it took to establish the Royal Supremacy The ways he pressured the pope financially, e.g. by withdrawing payments of taxation to the pope

Historical Debates Did the extensive use of Parliament in establishing the Royal Supremacy mean that Parliament got more powerful? Think about: What Parliament was traditionally used for and what it was now being used for How long the Reformation Parliament lasted (1529-36) and what the impact of this might be How easy it would be to overturn this legislation The fact that Parliament still only met when the monarch called them The fact that the monarch could dismiss them at any time

Henry VIII and Government How might the break with Rome have affected Henry’s government? What new roles did government need to take on?

Be careful! Parliament is NOT the same as government. Parliament is just a part of government. The Privy Council (Royal Council) ran the country on a day-to-day basis.

Historical debate! Geoffrey Elton, 1953 The Tudor Revolution in Government Elton’s critics, e.g. Starkey

Key questions How far did the practice of government change? How far did the power and use of Parliament change? Did the power of the Crown increase? How permanent were these changes? How far did Henry exercise royal authority and what might affect this?

How far government changed (p88) Key change and details Elton Critics of Elton Your Judgement Constitutional Revolution Political Revolution Bureaucratic Revolution

A Constitutional revolution? Elton Critics of Elton Henry becomes head of Church and State (as opposed to just Head of State) Henry’s royal authority extended into Wales and other semi- independent regions 1536 Act of Union with Wales reorganised govt in Wales Act Against Liberties and Franchises restricts powers previously held by nobles in remote regions Why do you think they did this? In practice, Kings already had a lot of influence over Church appointments and church courts Popes didn’t generally interfere in the running of the Church in individual countries Why Act of Union and Liberties and Franchises: restrict power of magnates, especially at time of religious upheaval. Consistent application of the law.

A political revolution? King and parliament becomes King-in-Parliament WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?????

King and Parliament King-in-Parliament Government by King, but some functions carried out by Parliament. King makes laws, through Parliament. Statute law is most important Separate institutions Both powerful King more important

A political revolution? Elton Critics of Elton King and Parliament becomes King-in- Parliament Importance of Parliament increases More legislation Legislating on a wider variety of issues Procedures improved and established After dissolution of the monasteries clergy no longer in majority in House of Lords Makes Parliament more confident and important, which is one cause of the civil war in the next century (1642) Parliament developed because the King needed its support. Still only met when King called it. Used much less under later Tudors

A bureaucratic revolution? Elton Critics Smaller Privy Council Contained more professional bureaucrats and lawyers (as opposed to nobility) More professional Specialised departments developed (e/g/ financial courts) Principal Secretary most important (not Lord Chancellor) King still in control, so government reflected the interests and personality of the monarch Not all reforms survived in the long run Some specialisation had taken place previously, but had been reversed during the Wars of the Roses Change probably not planned – just a reaction to circumstances. Financial courts: Finance had been controlled through Privy Chamber. Now also had specialists courts (though Privy Chamber still important) - Court of Augmentations Court of General Surveyors (initially dealt with some monastic land but merged with Court of Augmentations) Court of First Fruits and Tenths – collected money previously sent to Rome Court of Wards

Thinking questions How far did the power of the crown increase during the reign of Henry VIII? How far did government change during the reign of Henry VIII? How far did the Parliament become more powerful during the reign of Henry VIII? What evidence could you use to answer these questions? What is your judgement?

Factions at Court The fall of Cromwell and problems in the Final Years of Henry VIII reign

Thomas Cromwell’s Fall (p105-106) In 1537 things were going well for Cromwell, Henry had married Jane Seymour and a male heir (Edward) was born. Protestant reforms were progressing well. Cromwell looked to set up a foreign protestant marriage for Henry when Jane died. Cromwell arrange a marriage to Anne of Cleves (in Germany). This went terribly wrong as Cromwell and Henry appear to have been misled over her appearance. The marriage went through but didn’t last long and the relationship between Henry and Cromwell was damaged by this.

Enemies at Court Enemy Issue Detail Duke of Norfolk Catherine Howard Protestant Reform

Cromwell the Man Traditional view- cunning, scheming man with no morality. He used informants to spy on his enemies and get them executed. Elton however sees him very differently: Explain Elton’s view What are the interpretations of Cromwell in Sources B, C and D? Which is the more convincing?

Continuing factions, 1540-47 (p108-110) Conservative Faction Reform Faction Key men Wives of Henry Religious beliefs Children of Henry

Position 1546-7 What mistakes did the conservative Bishop Gardiner make? Why is Sir Anthony Denny significant? Why did the Conservative faction collapse?

Ministers (Wolsey and Cromwell) Break with Rome Parliament Ministers (Wolsey and Cromwell) Henry’s Royal Authority His own personality Factions Regions (Wales, the North etc)