Gwanghwamun, City Hall Square, the Culture of Protest and Celebration A Historical Analysis

A History of Gwanghwamun Square Gyeongbok Palace was constructed in 1395 Gwanghwanmun Main South Entrance Gate to the Palace Three Gates The Middle Gate for the King The others for the subordinates Offices of Six Ministries outside the Gate Feng Shui Influence Destroyed during the Japanese Invasion, 1592-98

History

State and Society: The Changing Relationships The Characteristics of “Developmental State” Strong State—Weak Society Strong State—Contentious Society Strong State—Strong Society Changing Ideological Orientations of Society Emergence of Left-Leaning/Progressive NGOs Conflicts between Conservative and Progressive NGOs

Growth of NGOs in Korea 1974: 1,034 1994: 2,181 1997: 4,000 1999: 7,600 2002:15,000 2003: 18,266 2006: 23,017 2011: 9, 913

Factors Affecting the Growth of NGOs Limits of Governmental Roles Democratization Movement Citizen Rights and Awareness Improved Educational Attainment Growth of the Middle Class Information Technology/SNS Emerging Issues Local and Community Issues Government Support under Kim Dae-Jung and Roh Moo Hyun Administration M.B. Lee Administration’s Policies Park Geun-hye Administration’s Policies

Types and Agenda of NGOs Civil Social Service Community Environment Education Cultural Labor Women’s Right Unification/Human Rights in North Korea Farmers/Fishermen International

Seven Periods Before 1987: Democratization Movement 1988-1992: Transitional Growth 1993-1997: Y.S. Kim and Civilian Government 1998-2007: D.J. Kim and M.H. Roh/People and Participatory Government 2008-2012: M.B. Lee Administration 2013-2017: Park Geun-hye Administration May 10, 2017-: Moon Jae-in Administration

Citizen Groups and Political Movement Anti-American Citizen Groups Candlelight Vigil for Hyosoon/Misun , 2002 Movement against Import of U.S. beef, 2008 Movement against the deployment of THAAD, 2017 Political Fan Clubs Roh Moo-hyun Fan Club: “Roh Sa Mo” Park Geun-hye Fan Club: “Park Sa Mo” The Impeachment of President Park, October, 2016-March, 2017 For Impeachment: “Candlelight Vigil Group” Against: “Taegugki Group”

The Legacy of 4.19 Student Revolution The Student Revolution, April 19. 1960 The Kewangju Democratic Revolt, May 18, 1980 The Citizen’s Democratic Revolt, June 10, 1987 Anti-American Candlelight Vigil I (Hysoon and Misun Incident), June 13-November 25, 2002 Anti-American Candlelight Vigil II (A Protest against Importation of U.S. Produced Beef), May-June 2008 The Citizens’ Movement for the Impeachment of President Park Geun-hye, October, 2016-March, 2017

Recent Development in NGOs and Political Elections A Declining Popularity of Major Political Parties: Causes and Consequences Political Society vs. Civil Society The Emergence of Ahn Cheol-soo and Park Won-soon, Civic Activists The Seoul Mayoral Race and the Candidacy of Park Won-soon Alliance between Democratic Party and Park Won-Soon The Multi-Political Party System

The Culture of Celebration Cultural and Social Values “My” vs. “Our” The Perspectives on “Happiness” Individualism vs. Collectivism “East” vs. “West”? The Cheering Patterns at Sports Events The Sociology of Collective Behavior

The Street Cheering for the 2002 FIFA World Cup The Sociology of Soccer and the World Cup Working Class Sport Popularity of Soccer Koreans’ Feeling of Status Inconsistency Being a Host Nation Korean National Team General Manager Guus Hiddink Urban Life Style and Alienation Joy of Group Gathering and Sharing

Collective Behaviors at the City Hall Square Role of Sports Social Integration Nationalism Reversal of Interpersonal Relationships Mechanical Solidarity Organic Solidarity Orderly Behaviors Cleaning after the Cheering

Discussion The Ideological Orientations of Citizen’s Organizations: Conservative vs. Progressive Political Roles of NGOs: “Direct Democracy”? Specialization of the Cause/Agenda Funding Issues The Internet, SNS, and Mobilization