Warmup 9/8/16 Objective Tonight’s Homework Why might it be important to know what your food is made of? Why might it be important to know the difference between a “carbohydrate” and a “lipid”? Objective Tonight’s Homework Define and explain the functions of the basic organic compounds pp 61: 1, 2     pp 63: 1

Notes on Organic Chemistry Organic Compounds Last week we talked about chemicals and how they can combine. Today, we’re going to talk about the chemical compounds we see in living things.

Notes on Organic Chemistry Organic Compounds Last week we talked about chemicals and how they can combine. Today, we’re going to talk about the chemical compounds we see in living things. Even the simplest of living things are amazingly complex. Most of the compounds we’ll see here aren’t made of just a few atoms, but of dozens, hundreds, thousands, or millions. 3

Notes on Organic Chemistry All organic compounds have a few things in common: - All organic compounds contain carbon (and usually hydrogen and oxygen as well) - All organic compounds serve one or more of the following functions: - Structural support - Enzymatic (help process commands) - Storage Next we’ll look at how we classify different organic compounds. 4

Notes on Organic Chemistry Carbohydrates These compounds are made of just carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They serve 2 functions: - To store energy - To provide structural support 5

Notes on Organic Chemistry Carbohydrates These compounds are made of just carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They serve 2 functions: - To store energy - To provide structural support We can break them into 2 rough groups: - Monosaccharides - Polysaccharides 6

Notes on Organic Chemistry Monosaccharides These are simple sugars. Things like glucose, galactose, and fructose all classify as simple sugars. 7

Notes on Organic Chemistry Monosaccharides These are simple sugars. Things like glucose, galactose, and fructose all classify as simple sugars. We can also combine a few sugars together to get more complex sugars. Sucrose (common table sugar) is a combination of glucose and fructose. Most sugars are used to store energy for living things. 8

Notes on Organic Chemistry Polysaccharides These are large, complex chains of sugars. There are 3 kinds we want to know in detail: Starch: Plants store much of their energy in this form. Glycogen: These are transitory and made in animals as energy Cellulose: These make plant cell walls. 9

Notes on Organic Chemistry Lipids Lipids are substances which do not dissolve in water and store a far greater amount of energy than carbohydrates. They come in two forms: 10

Notes on Organic Chemistry Lipids Lipids are substances which do not dissolve in water and store a far greater amount of energy than carbohydrates. They come in two forms: Fats:These store energy in long chains. These chains can be broken apart to yield energy when and where an organism needs it. They can be saturated or unsaturated. 11

Notes on Organic Chemistry Phospholopids and sterols: These are similar to fats but sometimes form in rings or have different attaching parts. One key thing to note is that all lipids have an end that’s hydrophobic and an end that’s hydrophilic. These ends help the phospholipid align in water. 12

Notes on Organic Chemistry Proteins While carbohydrates and lipids are the same everywhere, proteins are different. Each person makes some proteins that are unique to just them. So what are proteins? They are large chains of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen that the body uses mainly as building blocks for other things. 13

Notes on Organic Chemistry Proteins are formed from basic blocks called amino acids. There are many kinds of amino acids and they link together in chains to form proteins. As they link, each amino acid bends and twists the chain in a different way. When the whole thing has been built up, it will have a unique 3-D shape made from the twist from each amino acid. Proteins work with other organic molecules by fitting into slots and gaps in molecules. 14

Notes on Organic Chemistry Nucleic Acids So deep down what tells the cell in a body what kind of protein to make? This comes from nucleic acids. We will go into these in far more detail later, but we’ll cover the basics here. 15

Notes on Organic Chemistry Nucleic acids form the famous DNA. This is a long, twisting molecule that contains directions for how to produce and create everything your body needs. Your DNA is what makes you who you are. DNA has a complex structure. We’ll look at it on the next slide. 16

Notes on Organic Chemistry DNA is shaped like a twisted ladder and is composed of the following: - A phosphate and sugar backbone. This is formed of two twisting strands that loop around each other. - 4 nucleotides that bond in pairs to make up the rungs of the ladder. 17

Notes on Organic Chemistry DNA is shaped like a twisted ladder and is composed of the following: - A phosphate and sugar backbone. This is formed of two twisting strands that loop around each other. - 4 nucleotides that bond in pairs to make up the rungs of the ladder. The nucleotides bond in the following pairs: Adenine with Thymine Guanine with Cytosine 18

Exit Question Which type of organic compound stores the most energy? a) Lipids b) Carbohydrates c) Proteins d) Nucleic Acids e) Enzymes f) Cells