Biochemistry Module 2 USE YOUR GRAPHIC ORGANIZER FOR THESE NOTES!

Inorganic vs. Organic There are 6 essential elements for living things: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur (CHNOPS) Elements combine to make molecules. Molecules are either inorganic or organic: Inorganic – do not contain the element carbon Ex. H2O, NaCl, H2SO4 Organic – contain the element carbon Ex. C6H12O6, CH4

Acids and Bases Inorganic Compounds contain acids and bases: Measured on a pH scale Acids Neutral Bases 1 7 14 What IS an acid or a base? Acid – Hydrogen DONOR Base – Hydrogen ACCEPTOR H+ H+ OH- H+ OH- OH- H+ OH- H+ OH-

Buffers Living things regulate their internal environment to maintain homeostasis – a constant internal environment Living things have buffers in their cells to help regulate pH Buffers either DONATE or ACCEPT hydrogen ions Buffers help to maintain homeostasis by stabilizing pH Too much Hydrogen? Buffers ACCEPT – make less acidic Too little Hydrogen? Buffers DONATE – make more acidic

Organic Compounds – The Core 4 Carbohydrates Elements C, H,O Monomer / Subunit Monosaccharide Function Short term energy YouTube - Gummy Bear, Structural material Examples Sugar, Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen

Carbohydrates

Organic Compounds – The Core 4 Lipids Elements C, H,O Monomer / Subunit Glycerol and fatty acids Function Long term energy, insulation, component of cell membrane Examples Fats, oils, waxes

Lipids

Organic Compounds – The Core 4 Nucleic Acids Elements C, H,O, N, P Monomer / Subunit Nucleotide Function Controls all cellular activities Examples DNA, RNA

Nucleic Acids

Organic Compounds – The Core 4 Proteins Elements C, H,O, N, P, S Monomer / Subunit Amino Acid Function Basic building material for life Examples Hormones, antibodies, pigments, enzymes

Proteins

Enzymes: A special type of protein Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in cells of living things. Enzymes do this by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur.

Enzyme Mediated Pathway Enzymes may put substances together (synthesis) OR may break them apart (decomposition) Substrate Products Enzyme Enzyme – Substrate complex

Enzyme Function Enzymes fit with their substrates like a lock and key If an enzyme loses its shape, it will not fit! An enzyme losing its shape is called denaturing.

Characteristics of Enzymes Enzymes are: Specific – one enzyme, one substrate Reusable – not used up in a reaction