CAN WE BRING THIS ALL TOGETHER TO EXPLAIN PATTERNS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE?

CAN WE BRING THIS ALL TOGETHER TO EXPLAIN PATTERNS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE? Oceans/Continents

CAN WE BRING THIS ALL TOGETHER TO EXPLAIN PATTERNS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE? Oceans/Continents Surplus/Deficit Energy

CAN WE BRING THIS ALL TOGETHER TO EXPLAIN PATTERNS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE? Oceans/Continents Surplus/Deficit Energy Global Pressure Belts

CAN WE BRING THIS ALL TOGETHER TO EXPLAIN PATTERNS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE? Oceans/Continents Surplus/Deficit Energy Global Pressure Belts Pressure Gradients

CAN WE BRING THIS ALL TOGETHER TO EXPLAIN PATTERNS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE? Oceans/Continents Surplus/Deficit Energy Global Pressure Belts Pressure Gradients Coriolis Effect

CAN WE BRING THIS ALL TOGETHER TO EXPLAIN PATTERNS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE? Oceans/Continents Surplus/Deficit Energy Global Pressure Belts Pressure Gradients Coriolis Effect Wind Direction

90°N CONTINENT OCEAN CONTINENT 90°S

90°N 45° - 60°N 30°N 0° 30°S 45° - 60°S 90°S

SURPLUS/ DEFICIT Surplus 90°N 45° - 60°N 35°N 30°N 0° 30°S 35°S 45° -

SURPLUS/ DEFICIT Deficit Surplus Deficit 90°N 45° - 60°N 35°N 30°N 0°

PRESSURE BELTS ? Deficit Surplus Deficit 90°N 45° - 60°N 35°N 30°N 0°

PRESSURE BELTS ? ? Deficit Surplus Deficit LOW 90°N 45° - 60°N 35°N

PRESSURE BELTS ? ? Deficit Surplus Deficit HIGH LOW HIGH 90°N 45° -

? PRESSURE BELTS ? Deficit Surplus Deficit LOW HIGH LOW HIGH LOW 90°N 45° - 60°N LOW 35°N 30°N HIGH Surplus 0° LOW HIGH 30°S 35°S 45° - 60°S LOW Deficit ? 90°S

Deficit Surplus Deficit HIGH 90°N Deficit 45° - 60°N LOW 35°N 30°N HIGH Surplus 0° LOW HIGH 30°S 35°S 45° - 60°S LOW Deficit 90°S HIGH

OCEAN/ LAND ? ? ? Deficit Surplus Deficit LOW 90°N 45° - 60°N 35°N

OCEAN/ LAND ? ? ? ? ? ? LOW LOW Deficit Surplus Deficit HIGH LOW HIGH 45° - 60°N 35°N ? ? ? 30°N HIGH LOW Surplus LOW LOW 0° ? ? ? HIGH 30°S 35°S 45° - 60°S Deficit 90°S

OCEAN/ LAND ? ? ? HIGH HIGH ? ? ? LOW LOW Deficit Surplus Deficit LOW 45° - 60°N LOW 35°N HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°N LOW Surplus LOW LOW 0° HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°S 35°S 45° - 60°S ? LOW ? ? Deficit 90°S

? ? ? OCEAN/ LAND LOW HIGH HIGH LOW ? ? ? LOW LOW Deficit Surplus 45° - 60°N 35°N HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°N LOW Surplus LOW LOW 0° HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°S 35°S 45° - 60°S LOW LOW LOW Deficit ? ? ? 90°S

HIGH HIGH OCEAN/ LAND LOW HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH LOW LOW Deficit 45° - 60°N 35°N HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°N LOW Surplus LOW LOW 0° HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°S 35°S 45° - 60°S LOW LOW LOW Deficit HIGH HIGH HIGH 90°S

Pressure Gradient HIGH HIGH LOW LOW

HIGH HIGH PRESSURE GRADIENT LOW HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH LOW LOW 90°N 45° - 60°N HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°N LOW LOW LOW 0° HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°S 45° - 60°S LOW LOW LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH 90°S

HIGH HIGH LOW CORIOLIS EFFECT HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH LOW LOW 90°N 45° - 60°N CORIOLIS EFFECT HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°N LOW LOW LOW 0° HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°S 45° - 60°S LOW LOW LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH 90°S

HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH LOW LOW 90°N HIGH LOW LOW 45° - 60°N Northern Sub-Tropical Anticyclone HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°N LOW LOW LOW 0° HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°S 45° - 60°S LOW LOW LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH 90°S

HIGH HIGH PRESSURE GRADIENT LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH LOW LOW 45° - 60°N HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°N LOW LOW LOW 0° HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°S 45° - 60°S LOW LOW LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH 90°S

HIGH HIGH LOW CORIOLIS EFFECT HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH LOW LOW 90°N HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW LOW LOW 45° - 60°N CORIOLIS EFFECT HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°N LOW LOW LOW 0° HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°S 45° - 60°S LOW LOW LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH 90°S

HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH LOW LOW 90°N HIGH 45° - 60°N HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°N LOW LOW LOW 0° Southern Sub-Tropical Anticyclone HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°S 45° - 60°S LOW LOW LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH 90°S

HIGH HIGH PRESSURE GRADIENT LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH 45° - 60°N HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°N LOW LOW LOW 0° HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°S 45° - 60°S LOW LOW LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH 90°S

HIGH HIGH LOW CORIOLIS EFFECT HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH 90°N HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW LOW LOW 45° - 60°N CORIOLIS EFFECT HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°N LOW LOW LOW 0° HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°S 45° - 60°S LOW LOW LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH 90°S

HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH LOW LOW 90°N HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW LOW LOW LOW 45° - 60°N HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°N LOW LOW LOW 0° HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°S 45° - 60°S LOW LOW LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH 90°S

HIGH HIGH PRESSURE GRADIENT HIGH LOW LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW 45° - 60°N HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°N LOW LOW LOW 0° HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°S 45° - 60°S LOW LOW LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH 90°S

HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW LOW CORIOLIS EFFECT HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW 90°N HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW LOW LOW LOW 45° - 60°N CORIOLIS EFFECT HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°N LOW LOW LOW 0° HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°S 45° - 60°S LOW LOW LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH 90°S

HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH LOW LOW HIGH 90°N HIGH HIGH HIGH Winds blowing represent the advection of energy in the form of Sensible Heat from the zone of Surplus to the zone of Deficit. HIGH LOW LOW LOW LOW 45° - 60°N 35°N HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°N LOW LOW LOW 0° HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°S 35°S 45° - 60°S LOW HIGH LOW LOW LOW LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH 90°S

HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH LOW 90°N Winds blowing consistently in one direction exert friction on the surface of the oceans and move waters in the same direction. HIGH LOW 45° - 60°N HIGH 30°N 0° HIGH HIGH 30°S 45° - 60°S LOW HIGH LOW 90°S

HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH LOW 90°N Winds blowing from a position closer to the equator towards one further from the equator transfer warmer water (+ ground heat flux towards the poles. Warm Surface Ocean Currents HIGH LOW 45° - 60°N HIGH 30°N 0° HIGH HIGH 30°S 45° - 60°S LOW HIGH LOW 90°S

HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH LOW 90°N Winds blowing from a position closer to the equator towards one further from the equator transfer warmer water (+ ground heat flux) towards the poles. Warm Surface Ocean Currents HIGH LOW 45° - 60°N HIGH 30°N 0° HIGH HIGH 30°S 45° - 60°S LOW HIGH LOW 90°S

HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH LOW 90°N 45° - 60°N 30°N Winds blowing from a position closer to the poles towards one closer to the equator transfer cool water ( - ground heat flux) towards the equator. Cold Surface Ocean Currents 0° HIGH HIGH 30°S 45° - 60°S LOW HIGH LOW 90°S

HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH LOW 90°N 45° - 60°N 30°N Winds blowing from a position closer to the poles towards one closer to the equator transfer cool water ( - ground heat flux) towards the equator. Cold Surface Ocean Currents 0° HIGH HIGH 30°S 45° - 60°S LOW HIGH LOW 90°S

HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH LOW 90°N 45° - 60°N 30°N East Coast of continents 20-40° Warm Surface Ocean Currents 0° HIGH HIGH 30°S 45° - 60°S LOW HIGH LOW 90°S

HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH LOW 90°N 45° - 60°N 30°N West Coast of continents 20-40° Cold Surface Ocean Currents 0° HIGH HIGH 30°S 45° - 60°S LOW HIGH LOW 90°S

HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH LOW 90°N 45° - 60°N 30°N East Coast of continents 50-70° Cold Surface Ocean Currents 0° HIGH HIGH 30°S 45° - 60°S LOW HIGH LOW 90°S

HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH LOW 90°N 45° - 60°N 30°N West Coast of continents 50-70° Warm Surface Ocean Currents 0° HIGH HIGH 30°S 45° - 60°S LOW HIGH LOW 90°S

REALITY!

ATLANTIC EAST WEST COAST COAST Europe North America 23.5° Africa 0° South America 23.5° Antarctica

ATLANTIC EAST COAST WEST COAST Gulf Stream Canary Current 0° 23.5°

Fig. 1 Distribution of plastic marine debris collected in 6136 surface plankton net tows on annually repeated cruise tracks from 1986 to 2008 in the western North Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea K. L. Law et al., Science 329, 1185-1188 (2010) Published by AAAS

Fig. 2 Average plastic concentration (color shading, units of pieces km-2) computed in 0.5{degrees} bins and smoothed with a 700-km width Gaussian filter K. L. Law et al., Science 329, 1185-1188 (2010) Published by AAAS

ATLANTIC EAST COAST WEST COAST Gulf Stream Canary Current 0° Brazilian Benguela Current

ATLANTIC EAST COAST WEST COAST Labrador/ Greenland Current North Atlantic Drift Gulf Stream Canary Current 0° Brazilian Current Benguela Current

ATLANTIC WEST COAST EAST COAST Labrador/ Greenland Current North Atlantic Drift Gulf Stream Canary Current 0° Brazilian Current Benguela Current At these latitudes there is no continent to contrast so winds circle globe West Wind Drift

PACIFIC EAST COAST WEST COAST Asia North America South America Australia Antarctica

PACIFIC EAST COAST WEST COAST Kuroshio Current California Current

PACIFIC EAST COAST WEST COAST Kuroshio Current California Current East Australian Current Chile/Peru Humbolt Current

PACIFIC EAST COAST WEST COAST Bering Current Alaskan Current Kuroshio California Current East Australian Current Chile/Peru Humbolt Current

PACIFIC EAST COAST WEST COAST Bering Current Alaskan Current Kuroshio California Current East Australian Current Chile/Peru Humbolt Current West Wind Drift

1992: 29,000 Rubber “Duckies” fall out of container on its way from Hong Kong to US.

2011 Tsunami Debris

INDIAN EAST COAST WEST COAST Asia Africa Australia Antarctica

INDIAN EAST COAST WEST COAST Agulhas/ Mozambique Current Western Australian Current

INDIAN EAST COAST WEST COAST Agulhas/ Mozambique Current Western Australian Current West Wind Drift

INDIAN EAST COAST WEST COAST Too small an ocean basin north of the Equator to establish pattern. Currents driven by seasonal winds Agulhas/ Mozambique Current Western Australian Current West Wind Drift

ANTARCTIC/SOUTHERN OCEAN America Africa Australia H H H Antarctica

ANTARCTIC/SOUTHERN OCEAN Southern Sub-tropical Anticyclones H H H

ANTARCTIC/SOUTHERN OCEAN Southern Sub-tropical Anticyclones H H H L L L L Mid-Latitude Lows

ANTARCTIC/SOUTHERN OCEAN Southern Sub-tropical Anticylcones H H H L L L L West Wind Drift Mid-Latitude Lows

Paradox lost. Shifting winds and corresponding ocean changes explain a seeming contradiction: the Antarctic Peninsula and Amundsen Sea growing warmer even as the continent's interior keeps its cool. Paradox lost.Shifting winds and corresponding ocean changes explain a seeming contradiction: the Antarctic Peninsula and Amundsen Sea growing warmer even as the continent's interior keeps its cool. J Qiu Science 2012;338:879-881 Published by AAAS

Ozone is a greenhouse gas Ozone is a greenhouse gas. Recent losses of ozone over Antarctica, may be cooling parts of the continent, thereby increasing High pressure. H Paradox lost.Shifting winds and corresponding ocean changes explain a seeming contradiction: the Antarctic Peninsula and Amundsen Sea growing warmer even as the continent's interior keeps its cool. J Qiu Science 2012;338:879-881 Published by AAAS

Potential global warming in the rest of the world appears to be pushing the position of the circumpolar winds poleward H Paradox lost.Shifting winds and corresponding ocean changes explain a seeming contradiction: the Antarctic Peninsula and Amundsen Sea growing warmer even as the continent's interior keeps its cool. J Qiu Science 2012;338:879-881 Published by AAAS

This has increased the pressure gradient, intensified winds and enhanced the circumpolar vortex. Paradox lost.Shifting winds and corresponding ocean changes explain a seeming contradiction: the Antarctic Peninsula and Amundsen Sea growing warmer even as the continent's interior keeps its cool. J Qiu Science 2012;338:879-881 Published by AAAS

Antarctic Peninsula showing signs of accelerated melting Paradox lost.Shifting winds and corresponding ocean changes explain a seeming contradiction: the Antarctic Peninsula and Amundsen Sea growing warmer even as the continent's interior keeps its cool. J Qiu Science 2012;338:879-881 Published by AAAS