Biology Journal 12/4/2014 What’s the difference between an essential nutrient and a nonessential nutrient? Why are they both “nutrients”? Left: a consumer-guide to healthy or “essential” nutrients. This definition may differ from the biological definition of essential nutrient.

What is bilirubin? What does it have to do with jaundice? Biology Journal 1/13/2017 What is bilirubin? What does it have to do with jaundice? Bilirubin is a protein-part that is left from the breakdown of hemoglobin by hepatocytes (liver cells). When it isn’t broken down, this yellow pigment builds up in the body, leading the yellowish discoloration that comes with jaundice.

Whiteboard Review

Make a drawing of the digestive tract. Label 8 structures.

Stomach Mouth Esophagus Liver Pancreas Gall Bladder Large Intestine Small Intestine Rectum Anus

Important Organs of the Human Digestive System mouth esophagus stomach liver gall bladder pancreas small intestine large intestine rectum anus

1. What is the word for red blood cells? 2. What is the word for the liver cells that break down red blood cells? Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Leukocytes (white blood cells) Kupffer Cells (in the liver)

When blood sugar is high, then the organ called the ______ releases a hormone called ______ in order to store the extra sugar in the ______. When blood sugar is low, the organ called the ______ releases a hormone called ______, which causes sugar to be released by the _____.

When blood sugar is high, then the organ called the pancreas releases a hormone called insulin in order to store the extra sugar in the liver. When blood sugar is low, the organ called the pancreas releases a hormone called glucagon which causes sugar to be released by the liver.

What is the function of the large intestine? The large intestine removes water from previously digested food. It does not absorb any nutrients. This already happens due to the small intestine.

Disorder associated with it Complete the table… Nutrient Disorder associated with it 1 Vitamin D 2 Vitamin C 3 Phosphorous 4 Phenylalanine 5 Calcium 6 Calories 7 Cholesterol

Lack of it causes this disorder(s) Nutrient Lack of it causes this disorder(s) 1 Vitamin D Rickets (if young), Osteomalacia (if old) 2 Vitamin C Scurvy 3 Phosphorous 4 Phenylalanine Phenylketonuria (PKU) 5 Calcium 6 Calories Anorexia 7 Cholesterol Coronary Heart Disease and Hypertension

What is peristalsis? Peristalsis is the involuntary contractions of the muscles surrounding the digestive tract. They keep food moving through like a tube of toothpaste.

Enzyme Substrate Product What are the 3 main kinds of hydrolytic enzymes secreted by the pancreas? What are the substrates and products of these enzymes? Enzyme Substrate Product

Enzyme Substrate Product What are the 3 main kinds of hydrolytic enzymes secreted by the pancreas? What are the substrates and products of these enzymes? Enzyme Substrate Product Amylase Endopeptidase Lipase

Enzyme Substrate Product What are the 3 main kinds of hydrolytic enzymes secreted by the pancreas? What are the substrates and products of these enzymes? Enzyme Substrate Product Amylase Carbohydrates Sugars Endopeptidase Proteins Amino Acids Lipase Lipids (polyglycerides) Smaller Lipids (monoglycerides)

What makes something a dietary mineral as opposed to a vitamin? Minerals are elements. They are single atoms or ions. Vitamins are large, complex, organic molecules.

→ Shown is a chemical reaction. Name the reactants and the products. Dipeptide → 2 monopeptides Would H2O be a reactant or product? H2O would be a reactant. It gets broken down. What are some terms that would describe the type of chemical reaction? Hydrolysis and Catabolism What would be an enzyme that speeds up this reaction? Endopeptidase!

Shown is a transverse micrograph of the small intestine Shown is a transverse micrograph of the small intestine. Annotate these parts 1 2 3 4 5

Villus Epithelial Layer Mucosa Muscle Exocrine Gland Increases surface area Epithelial Layer outermost absorptive layer “epi” = top Mucosa it’s dense in blood vessels to transport nutrients Muscle circular and longitudinal muscle that does peristalsis Exocrine Gland Creates and releases hydrolytic enzymes

Fiber is cellulose. We cannot break it down. It is good because: What is dietary fiber? Why is it good for you? Fiber is cellulose. We cannot break it down. It is good because: It can reduce calories in the diet It increases absorption of other nutrients It decreases other digestive system diseases

What could be 3 things that cause the disease jaundice? Hepatitis (liver damage caused by viruses, bacteria, or autoimmune) Infancy (a baby’s liver isn’t fully functioning, or isn’t properly absorbing food, or has high erythrocyte turnover) Chronic alcohol or drug abuse (damages the liver) Liver cancer Blocked bile duct (possibly from gall stones)

It is a nonessential nutrient (your body can make it) State everything you know about cholesterol. It is a nonessential nutrient (your body can make it) It is a vital part of cell membranes Too much cholesterol is correlated with coronary heart disease, hypertension, and type II diabetes.

State everything you know about vitamin D. It can only be made when skin is exposed to sunlight Vitamin D is used in the absorption of the minerals calcium and potassium Lack of vitamin D causes rickets and osteomalacia

What’s the difference between an essential nutrient and a nonessential nutrient? You body cannot make essential nutrients. They must be obtained from your diet. Your body can make nonessential nutrients. Both are molecules that the body can’t live without.

It’s essential (you’re body can’t make it, it has to eat it) State everything you know about vitamin C. AKA vitamin C It’s essential (you’re body can’t make it, it has to eat it) Lack of it causes scurvy (yar!) It is a vitamin, so it is an organic molecule.

Glucose levels are regulated Lipid levels are regulated Blood enters the liver, right after going where? How does the liver change the blood? The blood goes to the small intestine, and absorbs any nutrients available, then goes to the liver. The liver alters the concentration of many chemicals in the blood to maintain homeostasis. Glucose levels are regulated Lipid levels are regulated Toxins are removed

What are these cells called? What do they do? Phagocytic Kupffer cells do phagocytosis (engulf other cells) on old and dead red blood cells (mostly). They the recycle the iron and heme.