Elizabeth Gaskell North and South (1854-5)

“Mrs. Gaskell” 1810-1865, born London Sketches Among the Poor (poems 1837) Mary Barton (1848) Cranford (1851–53) Ruth (1853) North and South (1854–55) An Accursed Race (1855) The Life of Charlotte Brontë (1857) Sylvia's Lovers (1863) French Life (1864) Wives and Daughters: An Everyday Story (1865)   (And tons of periodical publication in between these major works.)

Originally run in Charles Dickens’ Serial, Household Words, form 2 Sept. 1854-27 Jan 1855 Volume edition published 1855

Periodizing the 1850s Massive changes in social life occasioned by INDUSTRIALIZATION TRANSITION TO FOSSIL ECONOMY POPULATION SHIFTS, COUNTRY TO CITY WIDESPREAD IMMISERATION RISE OF MANUFACTURING (MIDDLE) CLASS NEW FORMS OF MASS CULTURE DISRAELI, SYBIL, OR THE TWO NATIONS (1845) FISSURE IN THE SOCIAL FIELD: REVOLUTION!?!

Marx and engels, Communist manifesto (1848, trans. 1850) “[The bourgeoisie] has drowned the most heavenly ecstasies of religious fervor, of chivalrous enthusiasm, of philistine sentimentalism, in the icy water of egotistical calculation. […] In one word, it creates a world after its own image.” (15-16) [The bourgeoisie] compels all nations, on pain of extinction, to adopt the bourgeois mode of production; it compels them to introduce what it calls civilization into their midst, i.e. to become bourgeois themselves. In a word, it creates a world after its own image” (16). “What the bourgeoisie therefore produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers” (19). “You must … confess that by ‘individual’ you mean no other person than the bourgeois, than the middle-class owner of property. This person must, indeed, be swept out of the way, and made impossible” (24).

Engels / Marx The Condition of the Working Class in England, 1845 Manifesto of the Communist Party, 1848

South Helstone Land “forest people” Garden Books (p. 20) Anglican North / South South Helstone Land “forest people” Garden Books (p. 20) Anglican Archaic North Milton/Northern Modeled on Manchester “Fogs” Wallpaper Education (p. 68)? Dissenting Modern

Two models for class relations? Antagonism Structural Political Social War Sympathy Individual Ethical Personal Friendship “And yet, yo see, North and South has both met and made a kind of friends in this big smoky place” (73).

Adam Smith, Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) How selfish soever man may be supposed, there are evidently some principles in his nature, which interest him in the fortunes of others, and render their happiness necessary to him, though he derives nothing from it, except the pleasure of seeing it. Of this kind is pity or compassion, the emotion we feel for the misery of others, when we either see it, or are made to conceive it in a very lively manner. That we often derive sorrow from the sorrows of others, is a matter of fact too obvious to require any instances to prove it; for this sentiment, like all the other original passions of human nature, is by no means confined to the virtuous or the humane, though they perhaps may feel it with the most exquisite sensibility. The greatest ruffian, the most hardened violator of the laws of society, is not altogether without it.