AIM: What are biomolecules? Do Now: Define what is a molecule and give an example of one.

There are 4 classes of large molecules that make up the majority of living things. They are called Macromolecules.  Since macromolecules are generally made up of many smaller molecules and atoms, they are referred to as polymers.  Polymers are made up of smaller units known as monomers.

The macromolecules of life made largely from C, O, H, and N  are: carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids proteins

For each of these 4 macromolecules, I would like you to know: What types of the polymer is it( one of the four possible) What monomers it is made of What is its function in the cells/organisms.

Biomolecules are organic molecules. Organic molecule must always have C atom and H atom, plus any other atoms. Examples : Glucose (C6H12O6 ) is organic – contains H and C, plus others. H2O is not organic , CO2 is not organic, CH is organic Can you explain why?

Carbohydrates (polymers) Made from joining H₂O and CO₂ by plants during photosynthesis Monomer: Simple sugars: (ratio of one carbon and one oxygen to every 2 hydrogens) Bread, cereal, potatoes, fruits, vegetables, and pasta = are made mostly of carbohydrates (sugars and starches). Three main functions: energy for cells, structural support, cell-cell communication

Functions: Major source of energy . Most organisms break down glucose to release chemical energy from it. Can provide structural support for some organisms. Cell walls of plants are made from cellulose (carbohydrate). Shells of crabs and lobsters are made of chitin (carbohydrate) Cell recognition -In complex organisms cells recognize neighboring cells by carbohydrate molecules on the cell membranes ( like ID tags).

One sugar molecule is called monosaccharide , two sugar molecules linked together form a disaccharide molecule. Three or more sugar molecules linked together form polysaccharide. All carbohydrates consist of C, H, and O combined in a very specific ratio : 1:2:1 (Means that for every atom of Carbon there are twice as many Hydrogen atoms and the same number of Oxygen atoms)

Common monosaccharide – glucose (made by plants during photosynthesis process) Common disaccharides – sucrose (table sugar) and lactose ( milk sugar ) Common polysaccharides : Starch found in plants and consists of hundreds of glucose molecules bonded together. We obtain starch from the foods we eat and break it down during digestion into glucose molecules. Glycogen found in animals . Extra glucose molecules are assembled together for storage in a form of a glycogen molecules.

Polysaccharides continue: Glycogen found in animals . Extra glucose molecules are assembled together for storage in a form of a glycogen molecules. Cellulose – structural component of the cell wall.

AIM : What are Biomolecules ? Do Now : Explain the difference between mono-, di-, and polysaccharides.

Working in a group of four divide the Biomolecules section among you , so that each one of you is reading and taking notes about one of the four biomolecules. In 10 min share your notes with the group for 10 min. Together complete the concept map.

Identify the following as mono-,di-, or polysaccharides: 1. 2. 3.

Lipids (Polymers) Group includes fats, waxes, steroids, and phospholipids . Main function is to store energy( can do it more efficiently than carbohydrates) and control water movement (repel water) Built from simpler molecules of fatty acids and Glycerol (monomers) Examples of lipids are oils, butter, cholesterol, ear wax.

Lipids are insoluble in water Lipids are insoluble in water. What does this tell you about some properties of those molecules ?

Proteins Provide structure and support, enable movement, aid in transportation , and assist in chemical reactions Made of amino acids ( building blocks) All amino acids have N atoms together with C, O, and H. The body needs 20 amino acids to build all the proteins it needs. Most of the amino acids we obtain from the food we eat when we digest proteins.

The amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds This is why proteins can be called polypeptides (if they have more then two peptide bonds) or dipeptides ( if they contain two bonds)

 Some common, important types of protein could include:  • Hemoglobin - carries oxygen in your red blood cells  • Collagen - important in skin, ligaments; also used to make gelatin!  • Keratin - hair, nails  • Insulin - regulates blood sugar levels  • Antibodies - part of your immune system that recognize foreign invaders such as bacteria 

Nucleic Acids Consist of long chains of Nucleotides A nucleotide is a molecule that consist of three parts : a sugar, a base, and a phosphorus group. Store and transmit hereditary information Examples are DNA and RNA DNA stores instructions for the processes of an organism’s life. RNA interacts with DNA to help to decode the Information.

Checking your understanding: Lipids A . Are building blocks of proteins Amino Acids B. Repel water Carbohydrates C. A biomolecule consisting of nucleotides Nucleic Acids D. starch, cellulose, glycogen E. Consist of fatty acids and glycerol F. can be monosaccharides, disaccharides or polysaccharides.

Organic molecules A. are natural B. are non-chemical C. have C and H atoms D. are good for us

AIM : How Do chemical Reactions Occur in Living Things? Do Now : List all forms of energy you have learned about before

Chemical Reactions A reactant – the substance that is changed A product – a new substance that is formed Every chemical reaction requires a minimum amount of kinetic energy . This amount of energy is called Activation Energy. -Chemical reactions can occur only when the activation energy is available and the correct atoms are aligned. Conservation of matter law -Matter is neither created nor destroyed in any change. Conservation of energy law- Energy may change from one form to another, but the total amount of energy does not change.

Name the reactants and the product in this reaction.

Enzymes Large group of molecules which belongs to the protein group Major function is to increase the rate of chemical reactions. Called Catalysts (speed up reactions) Hold molecules close together and in correct orientation speeding up a chemical reaction and lowering the amount of energy needed for it to start. Substrates- molecules involved in a chemical reaction. (Reactants)

Enzymes fit with the reactants like a lock fits the key The reaction takes place on the region called active site. The shape of the enzyme is very specific . Enzyme that helps molecules A and B to produce D cannot work with any other molecules. If the shape of the enzyme is changed it can no longer work ( think of a lock being damaged- the key would not work) Change in pH and temperature can change a protein’s shape. Enzymes are essential in maintaining Homeostasis