Criminology Corrections Lessons 9 and 10 Stankiewicz

Criminology Corrections Essential Questions What are the historical overview and purposes of Criminal Corrections in the US? What are the trends of use for incarceration in the US? What are the common types of incarceration facilities in the US? What are some of the characteristics and issues related to the incarcerated in the US? What are some procedures that institutions employ to maintain security and order in confinement facilities?

Historical Overview of Institutional Corrections - 1 European background ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ In US until 1800s

Historical Overview of Institutional Corrections - 2 Before 1600s institutional corrections (putting behind bars) was used mainly for: ________________________________________________ Holding prisoners awaiting sentencing; such as death _______________________________________________ Punishing slaves Quarantining diseased persons

Historical Overview of Institutional Corrections - 3 Before modern incarceration Basic goal: _______________________ Punishments in public

Historical Overview of Institutional Corrections - 4 Today’s purpose of incarceration: Change the offender’s character ______________________________________________

Historical Overview of Institutional Corrections - 5 Forerunner (before) incarceration __________________________________________ Transportation to colonies Workhouses ________________________________ ___________________________________

Historical Overview of Institutional Corrections - 6 _______________________________________________ Three early reformers: Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) John Howard (1726-1790) Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)

Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) Wrote: On Crimes and Punishment (1764) _______________________________________________________________________________________ Punishments must fit crimes Punishments must be severe enough to outweigh the pleasure of committing the crime

John Howard (1726-1790) Wrote: The State of Prisons in England (1777) _______________________________________________________________ Appalled by overcrowding, poor living conditions and abusive practices

John Howard (Continued) Stated that penal systems must be safe and orderly Incarceration should do more than just punish offender ________________________________________________

John Howard (Continued) Howard proposed: Prisons should have an orderly routine _____________________________________________ Hard work _________________________________________ Think about what offender did wrong (penance) Used the term “______________________________” for prisons

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) Remembered for his idea that reform and order could be achieved in prison through architectural design ________________________________________________________________________________________________

Penology and Panopticon Design definitions ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Panopticon Design _____________________consisting of a round building with tiers of cells lining the inner circumference and facing a central inspection tower

Panopticon Design

US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US - 1 Colonial America Penal practices loose, decentralized & unsystematic Often retaliation against wrong doing ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Local jails scattered about Holding tanks mostly until other disposition

US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US - 2 William Penn (Prison Reformer) Founder of Pennsylvania and Quaker _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ideas were largely ignored because Colonial America had no centralized penal system

US developments in penology US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US - 3 US developments in penology ______________________________________________ Reformatory Movement 20th century Prison characteristics

Penitentiary Movement - 1 Penance for crimes ________________________________________________ During sentence for crime: Inmates labor in solitary confinement _______________________________________________

Two Systems within the Penitentiary Movement _______________________________________________ Auburn System Competing systems of confinement

Pennsylvania System Sometimes called the __________________________________________ Inmates are kept in solitary cells so they could study religious writing, reflect on their misdeeds, and perform _____________________

Auburn System Named after Auburn (NY) Penitentiary _______________________________________________ Inmates worked and ate together in silence during the day and were placed in solitary confinement at night _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Auburn System - 2 ____________________________________________________________________________________ Allowed inmates to be housed in smaller cells Allowed factory like production ____________________

Both systems Few signs that penitentiaries were deterring crime ______________________________________________ Reforming criminals? Little evidence of this Prisons were actually costing more Lead to a reform movement in Penitentiary System

Reformatory Movements Started about 1870 at meeting of National Prison Association New type of institution designed ________________________________________________

The Reformatory Less hardened criminals housed in it 16 – 30 years old ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Emphasized academics and vocational training

Elmira (NY) Reformatory Exercise Yard

The Reformatory - 2 _______________________________________________ Recorded inmates progress toward rehabilitation ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Reformatory - 3 Changed sentencing from “determinate sentences” to “indeterminate sentences” ___________________________________________ Exact years for crime Example 10 years for robbery _______________________________________________ Range of years for crime Example 5 to 12 for robbery

The Reformatory - 4 Officials observed that indeterminate sentences and probability of parole facilitated greater control over inmates than determinate sentences Inmates will cooperate if they can get out earlier _______________________________________________ ________________________________________________

Institutions for Women - 1 Until reform age women go to men’s prisons but are segregated 1st Women’s prison 1873

Institutions for Women - 2 Most had cottages or campus facilities as opposed to cell blocks ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Not like that now

Women feeding chickens at the Indiana Women’s Prison

US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US - 20th Century Prisons Three types of Institutions emerged in the 20th Century _______________________________________________ Correctional Institution/Medical Model Contemporary Violent Prison

Stacks of 3 or 4 tiers of one – two man cells US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US – The Big House ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Stacks of 3 or 4 tiers of one – two man cells Average Big House held 2500 men 1900-1940s most popular

The Big House - 2

The Big House - 3 Sing Sing prison in NY

The Big House - 4 Alcatraz Closed 1963

The Big House - 5 Not new prisons _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Warehouses oriented toward custody and control of inmates

The Big House - 6 Maine state prison in Thomaston, Maine

The Big House - 7 Exploited inmate labor (according to text) through various links to local free market economy North _____________________________________________ South ______________________________________________

Angola (LA) State Prison US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US - Prison Farms Popular in South Angola (LA) State Prison

Correctional Institution/Medical Model 1940s – on US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US - 1940s onward Correctional Institution/Medical Model 1940s – on ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Did not replace the “Big House” Simply supplemented them Developed into the medical model

US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US – Correctional Institutions Windham Correctional Center, Windham Maine

Theory of institutional corrections Popular 1940-50s US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US – The Medical Model -1 Theory of institutional corrections Popular 1940-50s ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Medical Model - 2 Shortly after sentencing, inmates are given psychological assessment and diagnosis Treatment based on this to rehabilitate offender ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Medical Model - 3 After institutional treatment comes parole (if successful) Follow-up treatment in community _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________ Book contends this is not used today. Unsure if book is correct

Contemporary Violent Prison arose Many treatment programs gone US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US – Contemporary Violent Prison Book contends by 1960s effectiveness of coerced prison programming was challenged Contemporary Violent Prison arose Many treatment programs gone Power vacuum in prison rose _______________________________________________ Prison is crime school; no rehabilitation

US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US – Privatization of Corrections - 1 _______________________________________________ Government looks for alternatives to traditional incarceration

US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US - Privatization of Corrections - 2 Insolvent of the private sector in construction of prisons is big money Can private enterprise do the corrections job cheaper and more efficiently __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Privatization Advantages (According to text) Private facilities open more quickly than public facilities Construction costs are less to the taxpayer Operations are more effective cost wise ______________________ Correctional services delivered by private correction firms are more cost effective Less legal liability for the government if private firm does job Changes are made faster in private sector than public ____________________________________________________________________________________

Privatization Disadvantages (According to text) Should government cede their correctional responsibilities to a private company? Your view?

US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for incarceration in the US - Shock Incarceration - 1 Placement of offenders in facilities patterned after military boot camps ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Without extensive criminal records

Shock Incarceration - 2 Inmates wait to eat lunch at the Moriah Shock Incarceration Correctional Facility in Mineville, N.Y. Corrections officials say they have graduated more than 40,000 inmates from military-style boot camps over the past 25 years and most never come back

Shock Incarceration - 3

Shock Incarceration - 4 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Subject to strict military style program of work, physical fitness, conditioning and discipline Much like military boot camp Not fun

Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - 1 Organizational and administrative structure of institutional corrections is decentralized _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Legislative and judicial branches of each also involved

Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - 2 Federal Government maintains its own system States maintain their own system There is an interrelationship between the two Federal requirements affect operation of state prisons ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - 3 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ BOP’s mission is to “protect society by confining offenders in controlled environments of prisons and community-based facilities that are safe, humane, and appropriately secure, and that provide work and other self-improvement opportunities to assist offenders in becoming law-abiding citizens” Bureaus central office is Washington DC

Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - Classification Facilities __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - Men’s Prisons The most common general type of prison in US Distinguished from one another by “SECURITY LEVEL” Security Level ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US – Custody Level The classification of an _________________________ to indicate the degree of precaution that needs to be taken when working with that inmate Different from security level which is for institutions

Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - Men’s Prisons - 2 Institution’s security Level is determined by ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The measures taken to preserve internal security within the institution

Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US Men’s Prisons - 3 Maximum – Security facilities: 8.6 % Supermaximum Security .9% Medium –Security facilities: 33.6% Between maximum and medium: 11.2% Minimum-Security facilities: 37.3% Unclassified or other: 8.3% As of Sep 2005

Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - Men’s Prisons - Maximum Security Very tight external and internal security ______________________________________________ Motion detectors The stereotypical prison

Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - Men’s Prisons - SuperMaximum Security _______________________________________________ Very expensive to maintain Problem inmates ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ After three years a successful inmate can gradually regain social contact

Supermax Florence Colorado

Supermax Florence Colorado The Colorado Supermax is only used for very worst offenders, often those who have killed fellow inmates at other facilities Prisoners are kept in solitary confinement for 23 hours a day

1. Typical cell sized 7ft x 12ft (3.5x2m) with small slit window 2. Shower works on timer 3. Small black and white TV showing educational programs (some prisoners only) 4. Heavy duty steel door or grate 5. Writing desk 6. Toilet which shuts off if blocked 7. Sink 8. Steel mirror, rather than smashable glass

Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - Men’s Prisons - Medium Security Fewer restrictions on internal movement _______________________________________________ Relatively few cells Typically no external walls

Typical Medium Security Prison from outside

Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - Men’s Prisons - Low Security Facility BOP operates low-security facilities _______________________________________________ Double fenced perimeters Dormitory housing

Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - Men’s Prisons – Minimum Security Facility _________________________ Inmates usually there after proving good behavior elsewhere Often there are no fences but not always ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - Women’s Prisons 10 percent of the prisons Smaller ____________________ Different needs

Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US – Cocorrectional Facilities House both male and female inmates ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Usually small and security is minimum

Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US Jails and Lockups Lockup very short term holding facility 24-48 hours Jail ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Excluding lockups there are more jails in the US than any other confinement facility (3-4K)

Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US - Jails ______________________________________________ Some of their functions Receive individuals pending arraignment and hold them awaiting trial Hold mentally ill persons pending movement to appropriate facilities _______________________________________________ Transfer of inmates Many more (see page 367 of text)

Some Characteristics and Issues Related to the Incarcerated in the US - 1 Over past 200 years US has developed a strong tradition of using prisons to control crime Has not always been a good solution ________________________________________________ Much more money spent on building facilities than programs for criminals

Some Characteristics and Issues Related to the Incarcerated in the US - 2 Polarization of beliefs about Prisoners ___________________________________________ Your opinion?

Some Characteristics and Issues Related to the Incarcerated in the US – Inmate Characteristics - 1 88 percent of all prisoners are state prisoners 12 percent federal _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Large proportion had not completed high school, under 35, and never married Federal prisoners are more likely to be married and have a higher education level Statistics as of end of 2005

Some Characteristics and Issues Related to the Incarcerated in the US – Inmate Characteristics - 2 Imprisonment rate for men was 929 per 100,000 Imprisonment rate for women was 65 per 100,000 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Many had low paying jobs Statistics as of end of 2005

Some Characteristics and Issues Related to the Incarcerated in the US – Offenses Percentage of Inmates Violent Offenses – 51.8% Murder 12.1 % Rape 4.9% Other sexual assault 7% Robbery 14.1 % Assault 9.9% Manslaughter 1.4% Other violent offenses 2.5% Public Order Offenses 6.9% Other/Unspecified Offenses .5% As of 2003 Drug Offenses State inmates– 20% Federal inmates - 54% Property offenses 20.9% Burglary 11% Larceny 3.9% Motor theft 1.6% Fraud 2.4% Other property crimes 1.9%

Procedures that Institutions Employ to Maintain Security and Order in Confinement Facilities - 1 Institutions are like miniature societies _______________________________________________ All institutions maintain a wide range of security measures

Classification of inmates Procedures that Institutions Employ to Maintain Security and Order in Confinement Facilities - 2 Methods Classification of inmates ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Certain inmates are given special custody designations that distinguish them from general population ________________________________________________________________________________________________

Administrative Segregation Procedures that Institutions Employ to Maintain Security and Order in Confinement Facilities - 3 Protective Custody ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Administrative Segregation ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Mail and Phone monitoring _____________________ Procedures that Institutions Employ to Maintain Security and Order in Confinement Facilities - 4 Routine searches ___________________ Drugs Contraband of any sort Mail and Phone monitoring _____________________

Treatment of inmates with special needs Procedures that Institutions Employ to Maintain Security and Order in Confinement Facilities - 5 Treatment of inmates with special needs ______________________________________________

Self improvement programs offered by religious and civic groups Procedures that Institutions Employ to Maintain Security and Order in Confinement Facilities - Inmate Rehabilitation Programs Self improvement programs offered by religious and civic groups AA, Bible clubs _______________________________________________________________ Crisis intervention _____________________ Designed to improve inmates work habits Education and vocational training Rehabilitation effort Better skills, more chance of success on outside

Living in Prison - 1 Prison is a Total Institution _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Living in Prison - 2 Although prisons are influenced by outside society they __________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A society in prison has its _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Central to inmate society is the “Convict Code”

Living in Prison – The Convict Code A set of values, norms and roles that regulate the way inmates interact with one another and the prison staff _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Examples: An inmate should mind their own business and do their own time _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________ to fellow inmates not guards or staff

Result of Prison Society - Prisonization ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Longer in prison more _________________________ to adapt once outside Leads to high return to prison rate

Major Theories Concerning the Origins of Inmate Society Deprivation Theory Inmate society arises as a response to the prison environment and _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Importation Theory ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ by the attitudes inmates bring with them when they enter prison

Inmate Society - 1 Fractured Violent _____________________________________________ Lots of victimization

Inmate Society - 2 Has a subculture economy ______________________________________________ Secret exchanges

Life in Women’s Prison Usually not as __________________________________ _______________________________________________ More immediate family concerns

Life in Prison – Correctional Officers Lots of stress _______________________________________________________________ Some places a high turn-over rate

Inmate Rights and Prison Reform For past few decades efforts to reform prisons has been through the courts Habeas Corpus: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Inmate Rights and Prison Reform - 2 Inmates have 1st Amendment Rights Free Speech ____________________________________________________________________________________ Religious Freedom _______________________________________________________________

Inmate Rights and Prison Reform - 3 Inmates have 8th Amendment Rights _____________________ Protection from staff brutality Adequate facilities _______________________________________________________________

Prison Release and Recidivism 93% of all inmates eventually get released from prison Inmates are released in a number of ways ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Finishing out sentence _______________________________________________ Parole

Commutation Reduction of original sentence given by an executive authority usually a _____________________________

Parole The conditional release of prisoners before they have served ______________________________________

Good Time ____________________________________________ from an inmate’s sentence for good behavior and meritorious activities in prison

Mandatory Release A method of prison release under which an inmate is released after serving a legally required portion of his or her sentence, minus good time credits

Probation A sentence in which the offender, rather than being _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Required to abide by certain rules and conditions to avoid incarceration

Recidivism The return to illegal activity after release from incarceration _______________________________________________ How do you succeed in society with a prison record?

Summary Lots of stuff to know Page 386 of your book has a summary recap of chapter 10