Chapter 3 Table of Contents Section 1 Carbon Compounds Biochemistry Table of Contents Section 1 Carbon Compounds Section 2 Molecules of Life

Chapter 3 Compounds Review: What is a compound? Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Compounds Review: What is a compound? A substance that contains 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio All compounds can be classified into 2 categories: Organic compounds contain carbon atoms and are found in living things. inorganic compounds do not contain carbon atoms.

Atoms contain 3 particles Protons - positive charge, in nucleus Neutrons - neutral charge, in nucleus Electrons - negative charge, in orbitals outside nucleus All atoms want EIGHT electrons (valence electrons) in their outer orbital. They will REACT until they get eight.

Do you remember the 2 types of chemical bonds? IONIC - one atom transfers electons to another atom Sodium will transfer it’s electron to chlorine. Sodium becomes + charged, Chlorine becomes - charged. + and - attract and forms an ionic bond!

Do you remember the 2 types of chemical bonds? COVALENT - 2 atoms share their electrons Oxygen needs 2 more electrons and Hydrogen needs 1 more (each). So they share their electrons and both become stable.

Chapter 3 Carbon Bonding Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Carbon Bonding Carbon atoms can form four covalent bonds with other atoms Carbon atoms can form four covalent bonds with other carbon atoms. This bonding allows the carbon atoms to form a wide variety of simple and complex organic compounds.

1 pair of e- Each line represents a covalent bond Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Carbon Bonding Each line represents a covalent bond Carbon bonds can be in a straight chain, branched chain or in a ring They can have single, double or triple bonds 1 pair of e- 3 pairs of e- 2 pairs of e-

Chapter 3 Functional Groups Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Functional Groups Functional groups are groups of atoms that influence the properties of molecules and the chemical reactions in which the molecules participate. 4 of them to remember

Makes molecule hydrophilic (loves water) #1 Hydroxyl Example is Ethanol! r = radical AND can be any atom Makes molecule hydrophilic (loves water)

Hydrophilic as well due to the oxygen #2 Carboxyl Hydrophilic as well due to the oxygen

#3 Amino

Example is DNA! #4 Phosphate

Large Carbon Molecules Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Large Carbon Molecules Small molecules are called monomers A bunch of monomers bonded together are called polymers Large polymers are called macromolecules 4 main types (second section)

Condensation Reactions Condensation reactions join monomers to form polymers. A condensation reaction releases water as a by- product.

Hydrolysis Reaction In a hydrolysis reaction, polymers break down into monomers water is used to split polymers into monomers.

Chapter 3 Energy in an organism Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Energy in an organism Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores and releases energy during cell processes, enabling organisms to function. Example of a hydrolysis reaction

Section 2: Molecules of Life Four types of macromolecules Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

Chapter 3 Carbohydrates Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about one carbon to two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom. (1:2:1) Carbohydrates are a source of energy and are used as structural materials in organisms.

Three types of carbohydrates Monosaccharides Simple sugars Monomer of a carbohydrate Example: C6H12O6 Most common ones are glucose (main energy in cells), fructose (fruit sugar) and galactose (milk sugar)

RING SHAPED Monosaccharides

Three types of carbohydrates Disaccharides Are 2 monosaccharides bonded together This is done through a condensation reaction Fructose + glucose = sucrose (table sugar)

DISACCHARIDES - 2 RINGS

Chapter 3 Disaccharides Section 2 Molecules of Life Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Three types of carbohydrates Polysaccharides Complex molecule composed of 3 or more monosaccharides 3 examples Glycogen Hundreds of glucose bonded together Stored as glycogen in animal’s liver Starch Stored in plants Cellulose Made by plants; part of the cell wall

POLYSACCHARIDES - MORE THAN 2 RINGS

Chapter 3 Carbohydrates Section 2 Molecules of Life Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

FOOD EXAMPLES FOR CARBOHYDRATES Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 FOOD EXAMPLES FOR CARBOHYDRATES

Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Proteins Proteins are organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Proteins have many functions including structural, defensive, and catalytic roles. Proteins are made up of monomers called amino acids. The sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s shape and function.

Chapter 3 Amino Acids Section 2 Molecules of Life Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Amino acids can bond together Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Amino acids can bond together Dipeptides and Polypeptides Two amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to form a dipeptide. A long chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide. Proteins are HUGE molecules containing hundreds of amino acids that can bend and form different shapes

Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Structure of Proteins

Chapter 3 Enyzmes are proteins Enzymes Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Enyzmes are proteins Enzymes Enzymes speed up chemical reactions and bind to specific substrates. The binding of a substrate with an enzyme causes a change in the enzyme’s shape The substrate is the reactant in the reaction This binding reduces the activation energy required for the reaction to occur.

Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Enzyme Activity

FOOD EXAMPLES OF PROTEINS Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 FOOD EXAMPLES OF PROTEINS

Chapter 3 Lipids Lipids are hydrophobic molecules (hate water) Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Lipids Lipids are hydrophobic molecules (hate water) They store energy are an important part of cell membranes Mostly made up of fatty acids

Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Fatty Acids Most lipids contain fatty acids, unbranched carbon molecules that have a hydrophilic end (carboxyl group) and a hydrophobic end.

Chapter 3 Fatty Acids Section 2 Molecules of Life Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Three groups of lipids that contain fatty acids Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Three groups of lipids that contain fatty acids Triglycerides Triglycerides consist of three fatty acids and one molecule of the alcohol glycerol. Typically have high melting points and solid at room temperature Common saturated triglycerides are butter, and fats in red meats Unsaturated triglycerides are in plant seeds

Triglyceride

Chapter 3 Phospholipids Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Phospholipids Phospholipids consist of two fatty acids and one glycerol molecule make up cell membranes Has a polar region and a nonpolar region

Types of Lipids continued Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Types of Lipids continued Waxes A wax is made of one long fatty acid chain joined to one long alcohol. Waterproof In plants, form a protective covering on outer surface of leaf Steroids – no fatty acids A steroid is composed of four fused carbon rings.\ Human hormones like testosterone are steroids

Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 LIPID FOOD EXAMPLES

Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a large and complex organic molecule that stores and transports information Building block of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) which determines the characteristics of an organism and directs its cell activities Building block of RNA (ribonucleic acid) which stores and transfers information from DNA in order to make proteins Made of nucleotides

Nucleotides Made up of 3 main components Phosphate group Five carbon sugar Ring shaped nitrogen base

Structure of Nucleic Acids Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Structure of Nucleic Acids

Chapter 3 Nucleic Acids Section 2 Molecules of Life Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

NUCLEIC ACIDS FOOD EXAMPLES