Transglutaminase activity regulates atherosclerotic plaque composition at locations exposed to oscillatory shear stress Hanke L. Matlung, Annette E.

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Transglutaminase activity regulates atherosclerotic plaque composition at locations exposed to oscillatory shear stress Hanke L. Matlung, Annette E. Neele, Harald C. Groen, Kim van Gaalen, Bilge Guvenc Tuna, Angela van Weert, Judith de Vos, Jolanda J. Wentzel, Mark Hoogenboezem, Jaap D. van Buul, Ed vanBavel, Erik N.T.P. Bakker Atherosclerosis Volume 224, Issue 2, Pages 355-362 (October 2012) DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.07.044 Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Transglutaminase activity is regulated by shear stress. A) Confocal microscopic images to detect FITC-cadaverine incorporation in HUVECs as a measure of transglutaminase activity. Cells were cultured under static conditions or exposed for 24 h to either laminar shear stress at 1.3 dyne/cm2, 7 dyne/cm2 or oscillatory shear stress at 1.3 ± 2.6 dyne/cm2. Scale bar = 50 μm. B) Quantification of FITC-cadaverine incorporation in endothelial cells exposed to 0, 1.3, 7 and 1.3 ± 2.6 dyne/cm2 respectively (n = 5 each). Data are normalized to the number of cells and to the respective static counterparts. C) TGM2 mRNA levels in HUVECs cultured under shear stress levels of 0, 1.3, 7 and 1.3 ± 2.6 dyne/cm2 respectively (n = 4 each). Data are normalized to the housekeeping gene, ribosomal protein P0. D) TGM2 protein levels in HUVECs cultured under shear stress levels of 0, 1.3, 7 and 1.3 ± 2.6 dyne/cm2 respectively (n = 2–4). Data are normalized to tubulin expression as reference protein. *Indicates p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001. Atherosclerosis 2012 224, 355-362DOI: (10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.07.044) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Transglutaminase regulates MCP-1 expression under oscillatory shear stress effect of transglutaminase inhibition (TG inhibitor) on mRNA expression of A) MCP-1, B) VCAM-1, C) ICAM-1 and D) VCAM-1 in HUVECs exposed to oscillatory shear stress. Transglutaminase inhibition induced a significant decrease in the expression of MCP-1 (P < 0.05, n = 5 each). Data are normalized to the housekeeping gene, ribosomal protein P0. *Indicates p < 0.05. Atherosclerosis 2012 224, 355-362DOI: (10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.07.044) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Adhering monocytes/macrophages in the carotid artery lumen of TGM2 knockout mice and WT counterparts. A) En face staining for CD68 positive cells (green) adhering to the endothelium. Endothelial cell nuclei are shown by Dapi staining (blue). B) Quantification of the number of CD68 positive cells per field of view (0.14 mm2). TGM2 knockout mice (n = 5) showed significantly less adhering monocytes/macrophages as compared to WT controls (n = 5). **Indicates (p < 0.01). Atherosclerosis 2012 224, 355-362DOI: (10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.07.044) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Lesion size and role of transglutaminase depend on localization. A) Plaque area of control mice (n = 8) and mice receiving the transglutaminase inhibitor (n = 8) at several locations proximal and distal from the cast. B) Quantification of plaque areas based on sections with the largest lesion in low and oscillatory shear stress regions. Transglutaminase inhibition leads to larger lesions in the oscillatory shear stress region. * Indicates p < 0.05; ** Indicates p < 0.01. N.s. = not significant. Atherosclerosis 2012 224, 355-362DOI: (10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.07.044) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Transglutaminase inhibition selectively affects lesion composition under oscillatory shear stress A) Oil Red O staining for lipids in lesions in the low and oscillatory shear stress regions for control mice (n = 8) and mice receiving the transglutaminase inhibitor (n = 8). B) Quantification of lipid accumulation by Oil Red O staining. Data are shown as fraction of the intima area. C) CD68 staining to detect macrophages D) Quantification of CD68 positive area. E) Smooth muscle actin staining (1A4). F) Area positive for 1A4 as fraction of the intima area. Scale bar = 150 μm. *Indicates p < 0.05; **Indicates p < 0.01. N.s. = not significant. Atherosclerosis 2012 224, 355-362DOI: (10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.07.044) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions