Enjeux de l’Open Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices Couperin Open Access Conference: Généraliser l’accès ouvert aux résultats de la recherche Paris, 24/25 January 2013 Enjeux de l’Open Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices Alma Swan Director of Advocacy, SPARC Europe Convenor, Enabling Open Scholarship Director, Key Perspectives Ltd Director, Infrastructure Services for Open Access

Les coûts et bénéfices Benefits: Costs: Publisher adaptation Faster, more efficient, more effective research Outreach to professional and practitioner communities Outreach to the education community Outreach to the business community A better Knowledge Society €€€ ? Costs: Publisher adaptation Author adaptation €€€ ?

Three Open Access scenarios Self-archiving in repositories (‘Green’ Open Access) (1) In parallel with subscription journals (2) Instead of subscription journals, via repositories with overlay services (3) Open Access journals (‘Gold’ Open Access publishing)

Another dimension Worldwide versus unilateral OA Worldwide = when all institutions (or nations) convert to OA Unilateral = when only the test institution (or nation) converts to OA and the rest of the world continues with the current situation

National models

National pictures (worldwide OA) Annual € savings from moving to: UK Netherlands Denmark US federal agencies OA journals (‘Gold’ OA) 480 million 133 million 70 million Value of benefit amounts to some 4x to 25x the cost Benefit/cost ratio 1.4 OA repositories with subscriptions (‘Green’ OA) 125 million 50 million 30 million 4.2 OA repositories with overlay services Circa 480 million Circa 133 million Circa 70 million (Houghton et al, 2009, 2010)

Benefit-cost ratios (UK) (worldwide OA) (CEPA, 2011)

Institutional models

Three Open Access scenarios Self-archiving in repositories (‘Green’ Open Access) (1) In parallel with subscription journals (2) Instead of subscription journals, via repositories with overlay services (3) Open Access journals (‘Gold’ Open Access publishing)

Research income per annum UK: Case studies University Research income per annum University A 2 million GBP University B 10 million GBP University C 75 million GBP University D 200 million GBP

Savings from Green OA (with subscriptions) GBP per annum

‘University UK’: Annual savings from OA GBP per annum

Savings from OA via OA journals

More realistic assumptions Before: Universities would pay for all articles published by authors in their institution Used average APC value of 1500 GBP New: set of new assumptions: The corresponding author is responsible for article processing payments Where work is funded by external funders, the funder will pay article processing charges So, a university only pays for unfunded articles where the main author is in that institution Used ‘real’ average APC of 571 GBP* ... Or ‘real’ disciplinary values* *(Solomon & Bjork, 2011)

Savings from worldwide Gold OA N.B. Modelled disciplinary mix with discipline-specific average APCs

Savings from Gold OA (different APCs) APC = ‘real’ disciplinary values APC = 1500 GBP GBP per annum

Unilateral Gold OA incurs costs

Savings from worldwide Green OA GBP per annum

Unilateral Green OA incurs costs GBP per annum

Route through transition Summary Route through transition Cost or benefit? Gold OA - worldwide Gold OA - unilateral Benefit (savings) Cost Green OA - worldwide Green OA - unilateral

National models

Modelling OA at institutional level Cheaper, whatever model (Green or Gold) for all nations studied Transitioning: through Green OA is the cheapest route: Amount of Green OA grows to 90-100% of all articles Authors’ final versions are acceptable as a substitute Libraries consider it safe to cancel subscriptions Publishers convert to Gold OA (service provision rather than product sales) Cash available in institutions (savings from subscriptions) to pay for Gold publishing services

Thank you for listening aswan@talk21.com www.sparceurope.org www.openscholarship.org www.keyperspectives.co.uk