Chapters 3 & 4 Test Review

Things to Study: Study all of your notes for both chapters Study and look over all of your section study guides Study the vocabulary review Look over your Learning Target Questions

3.1 Ecology/Biosphere – (pg. 64): 1. Branches of Biology – Ecology – interactions between organisms and their environment a. Ecological Methods used to study the living world: experimenting; modeling; observing

3.1 Ecology/Biosphere Continued– (pg. 64): 2. Ecosystems organization levels: Species – population – community – ecosystem – biome – biosphere a. species – make up populations b. population – c. community – simplest grouping of more than one kind of organism in the biosphere d. ecosystem – lowest level of environmental complexity that includes living & nonliving factors e. biome - f. biosphere –

3.1 Ecology/Biosphere Continued – (pg. 64): 3. Abiotic – nonliving factors: temperature; soil; oxygen; water; light 4. Biotic – living factors: plants; animals 5. Interactions of abiotic and biotic factors – increase/decrease populations of organisms

3.2 Energy, Producers, & Consumers - (pg. 69): 1. Primary producers (autotrophs) – store energy in forms that other organisms can use upon eating a. plants; algae (freshwater) ; photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria – tidal flats/salt marshes) b. Photosynthesis – captures light energy + CO2 + water = carbohydrates (glucose) + oxygen 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

3.2 Energy, Producers, & Consumers - (pg. 69): c. Chemosynthesis – chemical energy is used to produce carbohydrates + oxygen in harsh environments Does not require sunlight - ocean vents/hot springs - use hydrogen sulfide - chemosynthetic bacteria d. Producers are the base of all ecological pyramids

3.2 Energy, Producers, & Consumers - (pg. 69): 2. Consumers (heterotrophs) – must acquire energy by ingesting other organisms a. herbivores/herbivory – eat plant leaves, roots, seeds, fruits – cows, deer, caterpillars, rabbits, etc. b. carnivores - kill & eat other animals – snakes, dogs, cats, otters, mtn. lion, wolves c. omnivores – eat both plants & animals – humans, bears, pigs, coyote, many birds d. scavengers – consume carcasses of other animals – king vulture e. decomposers – chemically break down organic matter (creates detritus) – bacteria & fungi; - found at all trophic levels including producers f. detritivores - feed on detritus particles – mites, snails, shrimp; crabs; crayfish, worms

3.3 Energy Flow in Ecosystems - (pg. 73): 1. Food Chains – model of single pathway that energy flows in an ecosystem 2. Food Webs – model of the complex feeding interactions among organisms in a community 3. Ecological pyramids – (pg. 77) – Energy Pyramid – Pyramid of Biomass – Pyramid of Numbers

3.3 Energy Flow in Ecosystems - (pg. 73): a. Energy Pyramid – show the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level of a food chain/web - amount of energy at each trophic level often limits the number of organisms that each level can support - only small portion of energy is stored in organisms body; most used for life processes - most of the remaining energy is released into the environment as heat - on average 10% of available energy at each level is transferred to the next level (10% Rule)

3.3 Energy Flow in Ecosystems - (pg. 73): b. Pyramid of Biomass – total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level – biomass (g/m2) c. Pyramid of Numbers – relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level

3.3 Energy Flow in Ecosystems - (pg. 73): d. Follow same pattern – with each step to a higher trophic level – energy / numbers decrease e. Trophic level – the steps in the transfer of energy and matter within a food web f. Producers are the base of all ecological pyramids – have the greatest numbers/mass g. Decomposers are found at all tropic levels

3.4 Cycles of Matter - (pg. 79): Matter is not used up, instead it’s transformed as matter cycles through the biosphere. Organisms need nutrients in order to carry out essential life functions.

3.4 Cycles of Matter - 1. Water Cycle – movement of water between Earth’s surface and the atmosphere a. evaporation - b. transpiration – biological process of evaporation by plants c. condensation - d. precipitation - e. runoff -

3.4 Cycles of Matter - 2. Carbon Cycle – carbon cycles through the biosphere a. Photosynthesis – b. Decomposition (plants/animals) – c. Burning of fossil fuels -

3.4 Cycles of Matter - 3. Nitrogen Cycle - a. nitrogen-fixing bacteria – live in/on roots; fix nitrogen in the soil b. legumes – add nitrogen to the soil; increase soil productivity c. animals get most of the nitrogen they need by consuming plants and other animals

4.1 Climate - (pg. 96): 1. Weather – day – to – day conditions of the Earth’s atmosphere 2. Climate – year – to – year patterns of temperature and precipitation 3. Greenhouse Effect – the balance between heat retention in the atmosphere and heat lost to space; controlled by these atmospheric gases a. carbon dioxide b. water vapor c. methane

4.1 Climate - 4. Greenhouse gas concentrations rise = Earth warms; concentrations fall = Earth cools 5. All three of these gases pass in and out of the atmosphere as part of nutrient cycles

4.2 Niches & Community Interactions – (pg. 99): 1. Tolerance – the ability to survive & reproduce under a range of environmental conditions; upper/lower limit 2. Habitat – place where an organism lives

4.2 Niches & Community Interactions - 3. Niche – what an organism does as well as how it interacts biotic and abiotic environmental factors a. how the species lives and obtains what it needs to survive and reproduce “makes a living” b. organisms interact to form a community c. a range of physical & biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way it obtains what it needs to survive and reproduce. d. several species of warblers can live in the same spruce tree because they have different niches within the tree

4.3 Succession – (pg.106 ): 1. Ecological succession – living organisms modify their environment a little at a time 2. Primary Succession – after a major disruption – lava flow – begins with newly exposed surfaces – rock a. Pioneer species – lichens b. slower 3. Secondary Succession – begins with soil

4.3 Succession – 3. Secondary Succession – begins with soil 4. Climax community – ecosystem reaches a final, unchanging stage – staple until another natural disturbance occurs; mature trees/shrubs 5. Rainforest clearing and farming disrupts the ability to achieve a climax community 6. Human caused disturbances – wildfires, forest-clearing

4.4 Biomes – (pg. 110 ): 1. Tundra – very low temps.; little precipitation; permafrost 2. Boreal forest (temperature woodland/shrub land) – long cold winters; short summers; conifers 3. Temperate forest 4. Desert 5. Tropical rain forest 6. Temperature grassland

4.5 Aquatic Ecosystems: – (pg.117 ): 1. Freshwater Ecosystems: rivers; lakes; streams 2. Estuary – freshwater mixes with salt water – form wetlands