World War I and American Society https://www. youtube. com/watch

Financing The War Entire federal budget $1 Billion, Cost of War $32 Billion More Tax Revenue helps with $10 Billion (income, corporate, inheritance) Selling War Bonds $23 Billion- Appeal to the patriotism of the public

The War Boards War Industries Board (WIB) led by Bernard Baruch- centralized regulation of industry, controlled production, prices, and product Food Administration led by Herbert Hoover- encouraged rationing, organized shipment of food to Europe, big help in Belgium, extremely effective (tripled overseas shipment in 2 years) Fuel Administration led by Harry Garfield- directed efforts to save coal and energy, Daylight savings time goes into effect National War Labor Board led by William Howard Taft- helped arbitrate disputes between workers and employers, labor gains ground

The Great Migration 1917 Hundreds of thousands of African Americans moved from the South to the North Push- poverty, racism in South, and violence Pull- Factory jobs available, more freedom Impact: larger African American communities, race riots and competition

African American Soldiers WWI 400,000 African American soldiers participated, 50,000 went to France Served in segregated units under white commanders, barred from the Marines, faced a lot of racism Thought that service in WWI helping to “make the world safe for democracy” would create more equality

Raising Troops- The American Expeditionary Force 120,000 troops in Army in 1917- we needed more (ultimately over 2 million Americans go overseas out of 4.7 million that were ready) Thousands volunteer- Teddy wants to do it the old way (civilian recruitment- Rough Riders part 2) Selective Service Act of 1917- National draft that required men from ages 21-45 to sign up. 2.8 million were called by the lottery.

Committee of Public Information- Patriotic Propaganda Directed by George Creel artists, writers, movie stars, Vaudeville performers promoted Patriotism and a strong Anti-German message (they are savages) Encouraged self-censorship of newspapers, most cooperated

George Creel and Others

Espionage Act and Sedition Act Espionage Act 1917- 20 years in prison for inciting rebellion or obstructing the draft (CPI was encouraging people to tattle on disloyal people), used to target Socialists Sedition Act of 1918- made it illegal for anyone to make “disloyal” or “abusive” remarks about the U.S. government. 2,000 were prosecuted under these acts including Eugene Debs Schenk v. United States (1919)- Espionage Act deemed constitutional, right to free speech can be limited when it represented a “clear and present danger”

100% Americanism? Patriotism led to some good and bad things in society Good- support of the troops, sacrifice at home to help the troops abroad, financial support for the war Bad- racism, discrimination, attacking dissenters American Protective League (250,000 people)- watched neighbors, tapped phones, opened mail

Women and WWI Helped on the home front with factory jobs, organized food drives, supported rationing, victory gardens Over 10,000 women served overseas as nurses Women’s Peace Party- Carrie Chapman Catt (changed mind later) Efforts helped lead to the 19th Amendment