The Long Civil Rights Movement Teaching it with Primary Sources
The Long Civil Rights Movement THE "LONG MOVEMENT" AS VAMPIRE: TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL FALLACIES IN RECENT BLACK FREEDOM STUDIES Sundiata Keita Cha-Jua and Clarence Lang The Journal of African American History, Vol. 92, No. 2 (Spring, 2007), 265-288
Andrew Johnson and Presidential Reconstruction
Black Codes The Colored men . . . do hereby. . . abide by the contract . . . We are to labor for Perkins . . . from morning until night six days in each week from the first day of January 1866 to 31st day of December 1866 at any work they or their agents may require of us . . .
Why the need for a second reconstruction Congressional Protections U.S. Supreme Court Response Civil Rights Act (1866) Enforcement Act (1870) Force Acts (1875) Thirteenth Amendment Fourteenth Amendment Fifteenth Amendment Slaughterhouse Cases (1873) Minor v. Happersett (1874) U.S. v. Reese (1875) U.S. v. Cruikshank (1876) Hall v. DeCuir (1877) Civil Rights Cases (1883) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Williams v. Mississippi (1898) Cumming v. Richmond Cty. Bd. of Ed (1899)
Result: Jim Crow and violence Really last night was one of the most scarey nights that we have ever spent here. The streets were wild with the mob all day yesterday and some thot that they would come out here at night but I really was not afraid. We stayed at home and I slept with my gun under my bed. 1906 Atlanta Race Riot
Right to Self-Defense? To Bear Arms? . . . We must in some way, bridle the ownership of fire arms by the malicious and ignorant Negro. . . It is an exception to not find one, two or three fire arms in each cabin, and the lives of our best citizens has no protection. . . . We have twenty five or fifty negroes to one white man. September 22, 1906 (during the Atlanta Race Riot)
Charles E. Cobb Jr., This Nonviolent Stuff’ll Get You Killed: How Guns Made the Civil Rights Movement Possible (2014) Akinyele Omowale Umoja, We Will Shoot Back: Armed Resistance in the Mississippi Freedom Movement (2014)
WWII and Black Insurgency . . . take a stand against Police Brutality and Injustice . . . The average Negro Veteran has given about three years of his life to fight Hitler and returns to find Hiterlism, Racial Bigotry and White Supremacy.
Fighting for Democracy: Black Veterans and the Struggle Against White Supremacy in the Postwar South (Princeton Studies in American Politics: Historical, International, and Comparative Perspectives) by Christopher S. Parker
Traditional civil Rights Movement
Freedom Rides
Resistance to Equal Accommodations
Resistance Therefore, we want to advise you that we have never accepted a Negro guest at this Motel, that we have not agreed with anyone to accept Negro guests now or in the future, and that it is our considered and firm policy that we will not accept Negro guests at this motel at any time . . .
July 18, 1964 Civil Rights Act (July 2, 1964)
October 6, 1964 Cites 1875 U.S. v. Cruikshank as reason to invalidate Civil Rights Act (1964)
Voting Rights Act 1965
And the Struggle Continues