Characteristics of Living Organisms Cellular structure and function: All living things are made up of one or more cells. Reproduction: All living things make more of their own kind. Ex. Sexual and asexual. Metabolism: Carry out chemical reactions in order to obtain energy. Energy is used to grow, move and process information.

Cellular structure

Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction-Yeast budding

Metabolism

Photosynthesis &Cellular Respiration

Sometimes a mutation occurs. A mutation can be good or bad. 4. Homeostasis: All living things must maintain a constant body temperature despite external temperature. 5.Heredity: All living things are able to pass down their genes from parent to offspring. A gene is the basic unit of heredity. It is why we tend to resemble our parents. Sometimes a mutation occurs. A mutation can be good or bad.

Homeostasis-Balance

Homeostasis

Homeostasis

Heredity

heredity

6. Evolution Changes in inherited characteristics of a species over generations. Offspring are similar but not identical. Those that inherit traits that can meet the challenges of nature tend to survive long enough to reproduce. The most favorable traits become more common. This is known as Darwin’s theory of natural selection.

Evolution

Transitional species

7. Interdependence All living organisms depend on one another for survival. The branch of science that deals with interdependence is Ecology.

Interdependence

Marine Food Web

Lichen-fungi and algae

Terrestrial Food Web

Questions 1. Identify seven properties that all living things share. 2. Relate three of the seven themes to a harp seal. 3. Describe the difference between homeostasis and metabolism. 4. If you find an object that looks like an organism, how might you determine if your discovery is indeed alive?

Biology in Your World Preserving Our Environment Conservation biology finding ways to conserve and preserve land and resources. Ex. Recycling Use bacteria to clean water and landfills

Plants used for medicine

Genetic engineering of food crops to improve food supply. Ex. Add vitamin A and iron to rice Alter genes so plants can resist herbicides Reduce pesticide use The Human Genome Project Complete genetic material contained in an individual This will help us fight diseases like AIDS, cancer, West Nile virus, and cystic fibrosis. Gene Therapy Replacing a defective gene with a normal one.

Genetically engineered crops Genetically engineered rice Genetically engineered corn

Human genome project

Gene Therapy

Cystic Fibrosis

Cloning

AIDS AIDS- Is a disease caused by the HIV virus. This virus attaches and destroys the immune system. The virus changes too frequently. Making it difficult to construct a vaccine. We can slow the progression of the virus by using a combination of drugs. Scientists are working on a vaccine.

HIV virus-retrovirus

Cancer Cancer- Is a growth defect in the cell. Current theory suggests that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to the onset of cancer. We now know most cancers can be avoided. Ex . Lung cancer , don’t smoke!

cancer progression

Questions 1. How can genetic engineering help food supply? 2. What is one problem scientists face in curing AIDS? 3. How can gen therapy be used to treat cystic fibrosis? 4. What is the goal of researchers who transplant beneficial genes into other plants?

1668 -- Francisco Redi (Italian physician & poet)-- attempted to disprove the theory of Spontaneous Generation.

Redi’s critics said: You have too many variables There is a lack of access and a lack of air. We ALL know that everything needs air Of course no flies grew! You haven’t proven anything.

Redi part 2 – answer to critics fine mesh allows in air, but not flies flies laid eggs on top of mesh no maggots in meat

Redi’s Conclusions: “All living beings come from seeds of the plants or animals themselves” However, if someone were to demonstrate even one exception to this hypothesis, then Redi’s hypothesis would be rejected.

1.2 Methods of Science Scientific Method is a planned, organized approach to solving a problem. Steps to the Scientific Method: 1) Identifying the problem - determine what you want to know (observation) 2) Form a hypothesis (educated guess) make a prediction.

3) Test the hypothesis iii. Control : Constant factors in the perform the experiment a. Good experiment only tests 1 variable at a time i. Independent variable: The factor that is changed by the experimenter. ii. Dependent variable: The factor that is not changed by the experimenter but changes if the independent variable changes. iii. Control : Constant factors in the experiment that do not change and is used for comparison.

4) Record the data 5) Analyze the data 6) Form a conclusion (data is collected and analyzed). 7) Repeat the experiment After results are repeated and verified by many a theory will be constructed.

Scientific Theory vs. Scientific Law _________ is an explanation based on many observations during repeated experiments. Theories can be changed if found incorrect Valid only if consistent with observations & makes predictions that can be tested ________ is a basic fact that describes the behavior of a natural phenomenon.

Example 2

Example 3

Example 1

Wednesday, September 19, 2012 “Do Now” When you buy milk how much do you buy? How tall are you? How much do you weigh? What is your average body temperature? Objective: Identify basic SI units. Homework: Practice unit conversions. List is on the board.

How Scientists Record Data A measurement includes both a number and a unit of measure Most countries use a standard system called The Système International d’Unités, or SI SI system is based on 10

SI System QUALITY UNIT SYMBOL Length Mass Area Volume Density Time meter m Mass newton N Area Square meters m2 Volume liters L Density Grams per cubic centimeter g/cm3 Time seconds s Temperature Celsius C

Metric Prefixes Please copy the chart found on page 1032 of the appendix in your Biology book. You have 3 minutes.

Scientific Notation In science some numbers are very small, while other numbers are very long. Scientific notation is a type of shorthand. This number is expressed as a number between 1 & 10, by the power of 10.

The diameter of an atom in meters is Examples The mass of the Earth is: 5 974 200 000 000 000 000 000 000kg 59742 X 1024kg The diameter of an atom in meters is 0.0000000001m 1X10-10m

Practice Please convert the following: 1. 624 000 000 000kg 2. 555 000 000 000 hm 3. 6X108m 4. 0.000 000 000 7 m 5. 6 X 10-12mm