Criminal Justice Introduction To 13th Edition Larry J. Siegel John L. Worrall

Part Two The Police & Law Enforcement

Chapter Seven Issues in Policing

Who Are the Police? Police and Education About 18% of departments have some type of college requirement About 9 % require a two-year degree About 1/3 of all officers work in departments that have some type of college requirement Most departments express a preference for criminal justice majors Learning Objective One

Who Are the Police? Police and Education Benefits of higher education for police? Better communication with the public Better writers More likely to be promoted More effective Fewer citizen complaints More initiative More professional Less inclined to use force Learning Objective One

Who Are the Police? Minorities in Policing Gain confidence of the minority community Qualities that can improve police performance Spanish speakers Undercover officers Learning Objective Two

Who Are the Police? The African American experience Minorities in Policing: The African American experience Discrimination Double marginality Minority representation today Almost 25% of local police officers today are minorities More aggressive & self-assured Job-related stress Learning Objective Two

Who Are the Police? Women in Policing About 11% of sworn officers are female Still struggling for acceptance Higher levels of job-related stress Learning Objective Three

Who Are the Police? Women in Policing Job performance Gender conflicts Minority female officers Learning Objective Three

Video Activity “Senior Deputy Sheriff: S.F. Sheriff’s Dept.”: Learning Objective Three

Video Activity Questions: What are the primary duties of an officer acting as a bailiff? What should you do if you are interested in a sheriff’s position? Learning Objective Three

The Police Profession Police Culture: Misconceptions? Police are the only real crime fighters No one else understands Loyalty to colleagues counts above everything else The war against crime cannot be won without bending the rules Members of the public are basically unsupportive and unreasonably demanding Patrol work is the pits Learning Objectives Four

The Police Profession Police Personality Cynicism Suspicious Defensive Learning Objectives Five

The Police Profession Police Style The crime fighter The social agent The law enforcer The watchman Learning Objective Six

The Police Profession Careers in Criminal Justice: FBI Agent Job outlook Salary Opportunities Qualifications Education and training Learning Objective Six

Video Activity “Public Corruption”: Learning Objective Six

Video Activity Questions: How would you feel about investigation public corruption for the FBI? How common do you think that corruption is in law enforcement circles? How should departments handle corruption? Learning Objective Six

Police discretion Factors Influencing Discretion Crime factors Victim factors Environmental factors Departmental factors Peer factors Suspect behavior and characteristics Officer characteristics Learning Objective Seven

Problems of Policing Racial profiling: Race, Gender, and Culture in Criminal Justice Racial profiling: Does race matter? Can racial profiling be justified? Learning Objective Eight

Problems of Policing Job Stress Causes? Combating stress External Organizational Duty Individual Combating stress Learning Objective Eight

Problems of Policing Fatigue Consequences Controlling police fatigue Review policies, procedures, and practices Assess how much of a voice officers are given in work-hour and shift-scheduling decisions Assess the level of fatigue officers experience Review recruit and in-service training programs Learning Objective Eight

Problems of Policing Violence and Brutality Who are the problem cops? Dealing with problem cops Learning Objective Nine

Problems of Policing Corruption Varieties of corruption: Knapp Commission Meat-eaters/Grass-eaters Internal corruption Selective enforcement/non-enforcement Active criminality Bribery and extortion Learning Objective Nine

Problems of Policing Corruption Causes of corruption: Police personality Institutions and practices Moral ambivalence Environmental conditions Corrupt departments Officer characteristics Learning Objective Nine

Problems of Policing Corruption Controlling corruption Accountability system Outside review board Special prosecutor Change social context of policing Learning Objective Nine

Use of Force Suicide by cop Analyzing Criminal Justice Issues: Direct confrontation Disturbed intervention Criminal intervention Learning Objective Eight

Use of Force Factors related to police shootings Race and Force Deadly Force Factors related to police shootings Local and national violence levels Exposure to violence Workload Firearms availability Social conflict: the threat hypothesis Administrative policies Race Learning Objective Ten

Use of Force Deadly Force Controlling deadly force: Tennessee v. Garner Statutory policies Upgraded training Internal review and policymaking Learning Objective Ten

Use of Force Nondeadly Force Types of nondeadly force Handcuffs Rubber bullets Stun guns Controlling nondeadly force Less-lethal weapons Learning Objective Ten

Use of Force Tasers Criminal Justice and Technology Evidence-Based Justice Are tasers effective? Learning Objective Eleven

Use of Force Police as Victims Memorializing lost officers Learning Objective Eight