Psychology The Science of Behavior Neil R. Carlson, PowerPoint Presentations for Psychology The Science of Behavior Seventh Edition Neil R. Carlson, Harold Miller, C. Donald Heth, John W. Donahoe, and G. Neil Martin Prepared by Linda Fayard Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any image; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

The Science of Psychology Chapter 1 The Science of Psychology

Lecture Preview What Is Psychology? The Growth of Psychology as a Science Major Trends in the Development of Psychology

What Is Psychology? Why Behavior Is Studied? Fields of Psychology Psychology is the scientific study of the causes of behavior. Why Behavior Is Studied? To understand human behavior To explain what people do what they do Fields of Psychology Scientists Practitioners

Areas of Psychological Research Physiological Comparative Behavior Genetics Cognitive Psychology Cognitive Neuroscience Developmental Social Personality Evolutionary Cross-cultural Clinical

Question: Why Do People Play Games? Physiological What events happen in the brain when people play games? Comparative Psychology Do animals other than people play games? Cognitive Psychology What types of strategies do people use when playing games?

Question: Why Do People Play Games? Cognitive Neuroscience What brain injuries interfere with game playing? Developmental Psychology How does play change across the lifespan?

Question: Why Do People Play Games? Social What kinds of cues affect the types of games that people will play with each other? Personality Are there certain types of people who are more or less likely to play games?

Question: Why Do People Play Games? Cross-cultural Do people raised in different cultures play similar games? Clinical What effects does play have upon our mental health?

Applied Psychology Clinical neuropsychologist Health Psychologist What behavioral consequences result from a disease or trauma, and how can they be remedied? Health Psychologist What behavior and lifestyle choices maintain health and prevent illness?

Applied Psychology School Psychologist Consumer Psychologist What strategies can be used to treat problems (e.g., poor learning, violence, substance abuse, shyness) in schools? Consumer Psychologist What motivates the consumer to purchase products?

Community Psychologist Applied Psychology Community Psychologist How can social systems be improved in a way that is beneficial? Organizational Psychologist What interventions will improve productivity and job satisfaction?

Applied Psychology Engineering Psychologist Forensic Psychologist What features will facilitate the useability of a computer or digital camera? Forensic Psychologist Was the accused mentally competent at the time of the crime?

How is Psychology Used? Law Enforcement Rehabilitative Medicine Constructing facial drawings from eyewitness reports Rehabilitative Medicine Design of artificial limbs for amputees

The Growth of Psychology as a Science Philosophical Roots of Psychology Biological Roots of Psychology

The Rise of Psychology as a Science Philosophical roots of psychology: René Descartes (1596-1650): Dualist Rationalist John Locke (1632-1704): Monist Empiricist James Mill (1773-1836): Materialist

The Growth of Psychology as a Science Biological roots of psychology: Johannes Müller (1801-1858): doctrine of specific nerve energies Pierre Flourens (1774-1867): experimental ablation Paul Broca (1824-1880): localization of speech production

Applications in Education and Therapy Producing Change through Education (early 1800’s) : emphasis on causal factors that produce change Thorndike’s “Law of Effect”: universal principle by which habits might be learned Montessori Method: children mature through stages

Applications in Education and Therapy Producing Change through Psychotherapy Pinel – Father of psychiatry Mental Illness Social Causes Therapies

Major Trends in the Development of Psychology Structuralism Functionalism Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory Psychology in Transition Behaviorism Humanistic Psychology Reaction against Behaviorism: The Emphasis on Cognition Reaction against Behaviorism: The Emphasis on Neurobiology

Major Trends in the Development of Psychology Early years: Structuralism: Wundt Father of Psychology, Introspection Functionalism: Darwin, James Biological emphasis Psychodynamic theory: Freud Emphasis on unconscious and biological drives

Major Trends in the Development of Psychology Psychology in transition: Experimental emphasis: Baldwin, Calkins Behaviorism: Thorndike, Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, Washburn Emphasis on observable behavior Humanistic psychology: Rogers Reaction against behaviorism and Freud Emphasis on choice and positive growth

Major Trends in the Development of Psychology Reaction against Behaviorism: The Emphasis on Cognition Gestalt psychology: Wertheimer Emphasis on organization of cognitive processes Cognitive psychology: Kosslyn Emphasis on information processing The Emphasis on Neurobiology: Hebb Biologists who study the nervous system