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Opposing Desegregation

George Wallace (1919 –1998) An American politician and the 45th governor of Alabama, having served two nonconsecutive terms and two consecutive terms as a Democrat: 1963–1967, 1971–1979 and 1983–1987. Supported Segregation.

George Wallace Governor of Alabama Pro-Segregation policies during the 1960s Served as governor for three terms “I draw the line in the dust and toss the gauntlet before the feet of tyranny, and I say segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever. “ - George Wallace from his first inaugural address in 1963. In 1982 he offered a public apology for his stance on segregation.

Orval Faubus (1910 –1994) Served six consecutive terms as governor of Arkansas. Most widely remembered for his attempt to block the desegregation of Little Rock’s Central High School in 1957. His stand against “forced integration” resulted in President Eisenhower’s sending federal troops to Little Rock to enforce the 1954 desegregation ruling of the Supreme Court.

Orval Faubus Governor of Arkansas While he was governor there was a federal order to stop racial segregation. (1957) Best known for ordering the Arkansas National Guard to stop African American students from entering Little Rock Central High School President Eisenhower sent U.S. troops to enforce integration.

Lester Maddox (1915 –2003) An American politician who was the 75th Governor of the U.S. state of Georgia from 1967 to 1971. A populist governor and Democrat, Maddox came to prominence as a staunch segregationist.

Lester Maddox Governor of Georgia Segregationist As the owner of a restaurant (Pickrick Cafeteria), he refused to serve African Americans. He challenged the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by refusing to desegregate. Maddox gained much popularity through his actions and decided to run for governor of Georgia.

Other Groups & Leaders

(United Farm Workers Association) UFWA (United Farm Workers Association) Dolores Huerta & César Chávez co-founded a workers' union which became the United Farm Workers (UFW). Their most effective tactic was the boycott. The NFWA urged supporters not to buy products from companies that did not sign a contract with the union. Led strikes and boycotts against grape growers and lettuce producers in California in the 1960s & 70s Main goal to improve wages & conditions for farm workers

César Chavez (1927-1993) An American farm worker, labor leader and civil rights activist, who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association.

(1924-1997) César Chávez was a migrant farm worker who sought to improve the lives of other migrant workers. He served as national director of the Community Service Organization before resigning in 1962 to focus on organizing a union for farm workers. He called for non-violent struggles for justice and used strikes, boycotts and other forms of civil disobedience to improve conditions for migrant workers. Eventually strikes and boycotts caused 26 grape growers in California to recognize the United Farm Workers union in 1970 but growers continued to break contracts. Chávez provided leadership for 30 years, protesting violence and urging cooperation between growers and workers. The union continues to protect the rights of migrants laborers from unfair treatment on the part of employers. César Chávez

Dolores Huerta (1930- Present) A labor leader and civil rights activist who, along with César Chávez, co-founded the National Farmworkers Association, which later became the United Farm Workers.

Dolores Huerta Civil Rights activist Activist for farmworkers’ rights Co-founder of the UFW (United Farm Workers Union) Directed the national grape boycott which led to collective bargaining rights of workers. She continues to help improve the lives of women, workers and immigrants.

(League of United Latin American Citizens) LULAC (League of United Latin American Citizens) Created in 1930 to combat the discrimination faced by Hispanics in the United States. Established in Corpus Christi, Texas, LULAC was a consolidation of smaller, like-minded civil rights groups already in existence. Since its creation, the organization has grown; it has a national headquarters, active councils in many states, and a professional staff.

Hector P. Garcia (1914-1996) A Mexican-American physician, surgeon, World War II veteran, civil rights advocate, and founder of the American G.I. Forum.

Hector P. Garcia Mexican American physician and civil rights advocate, Dr. Garcia organized the American G.I. Forum (1948). The organization was initially to improve veteran benefits and enhance medical needs. The organization expanded to address educational and vocational training, housing, public education, poll taxes, voter registration, hospitalization and employment.

(American Indian Movement) AIM (American Indian Movement) Founded to guide Indian people toward a renewal of spirituality and culture Has organized communities and created opportunities for people across the Americas & Canada. Headquartered in Minneapolis with chapters in other cities, rural areas and Indian Nations. 1969 ALCATRAZ ISLAND occupied for 19 months. 1971, "Trail of Broken Treaties". protest in Wash, D.C. 1977 MIGIZI Communications founded in Minneapolis. WOUNDED KNEE '73: asked by Lakota elders for help which led to the 71-day occupation/battle with US. forces. Opposes national and collegiate sports teams using figures of indigenous people as mascots & team names

American Indian Movement American Indian Movement (founded in 1968) AIM Goals included: A voice in Congress Compensation for treaty violations Protect religious freedom and cultural integrity Create a federal agency that is fair and representative of their needs 1971: Protest in Washington D.C. (Trail of Broken Treaties) Today, there is an improved American perception of American Indians. There are more opportunities for education and job training. American Indian cultures continue to be preserved and traditions maintained. Dennis Banks Clyde Bellecourt

(National Organization for Women) NOW (National Organization for Women) Founded on June 30, 1966, in Washington, D.C., Statement of Purpose "the time has come to confront, with concrete action, the conditions that now prevent women from enjoying the equality of opportunity and freedom of choice which is their right, as individual Americans, and as human beings." The founders included Betty Friedan (the author of The Feminine Mystique (1963), who was also NOW's first president), Rev. Pauli Murray, the first African-American female Episcopal priest, and Shirley Chisholm, the first Black woman to run for President of the United States of America. Focus: Women's rights, feminism, racism/anti-racism, homophobia and LGBT rights, reproductive rights Advocates an Equal Rights Amendment

Betty Friedan (1921 –2006) An American writer, activist and feminist. A leading figure in the women's movement in the United States, her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique is often credited with sparking the second wave of American feminism in the 20th century.

Betty Friedan Writer, journalist and activist Co-founder of NOW (National Organization of Women) in 1966 Wrote: The Feminine Mystique Inspired women to leave traditional roles and seek new opportunities in education, the workplace and leadership.

Eleanor Roosevelt (1884 –1962) An American political leader who used her influence as an active First Lady from 1933 to 1945 to promote the New Deal policies of her husband, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, as well as taking a prominent role as an advocate for civil rights.

Eleanor Roosevelt As First Lady, she actively supported programs that helped the youth and the poor. She was an advocate for civil rights. Appointed by President Truman as a delegate to the United Nations General Assembly and became the first chairperson of the preliminary United Nations Commission on Human Rights. Spokesperson for women at the international level.