THERMODYNAMIC ENERGY *GROUP ROULT*

DEFINATION Energy is defined as the ability to do work, and that work can be divided into five main tasks: 1. Energy gives us light. 2. Energy gives us heat. 3. Energy makes things move. 4. Energy makes things grow. 5. Energy makes technology work.

Principle of energy Energy can be transformed but cannot be created or destroyed. (First Law of Thermodynamic) It can only be changed from one form to another, such as when electrical energy is changed into heat energy. In all energy exchanges, if no energy enters or leaves the system, the potential energy of the state will always be less than that of the initial state. (Second Law of Thermodynamic) At higher velocities close to that of light, as in nuclear reactions, energy and matter are interconvertible . In modern physics the two concepts, the conservation of energy and of mass, are thus unified.

Forms of energy Mechanical (mechanic) Thermal (thermodynamic) Chemical (chemical reaction) Electrical (electricity) Radiant (radiation) Atomic (nuclear energy) Heat ( total amount of kinetic energy result from random movement of the molecules) Temperature (average amount of kinetic energy result from random movement of the molecules)

Types of energy (A) KINETIC ENERGY Energy in motion. Energy possessed by an object, resulting from the motion of that object in use. The magnitude of the kinetic energy depends on both the mass and the speed of the object according to the equation. E=1/2mv2 where m is the mass of the object, v2 is its speed.

(B) Potential Energy : Stored or positional energy. It is the energy that exists within an object. It is the stored energy of position possessed by an object. For example, when a ball is held above the ground and released, the potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy.

Electrical Potential Energy Gravitational Potential Energy

(c) Nuclear Energy Energy released during the splitting or fusing of atomic nuclei. The energy of any system, whether physical, chemical, or nuclear, is manifested by the system’s ability to do work or to release heat or radiation. The total energy in a system is always conserved, but it can be transferred to another system or changed in form.

(D) Thermal Energy Portion of a system that increases with its temperature. Is a term often used to describe the energy content of a system related to heating effects, e.g. temperature increase or decrease.

~The amount of energy necessary to remove an electron from an atom. (E) Geothermal Energy Energy contained in intense heat that continually flows outward from deep within Earth. This heat originates primarily in the core. (F) Ionisation Energy ~The amount of energy necessary to remove an electron from an atom. The principle of ionization of gases by various types of radiation is used in the detection and measurement of radiation and in the separation and analysis of isotopes in the mass spectrometer .

(G) Vital Energy Acupuncture was developed in response to the theory that there are special meridian points on the body connected to the internal organs and that vital energy flows along the meridian lines. According to this theory, diseases are caused by interrupted energy flow, and inserting and twirling needles restores normal flow.

(I) Activation energy Whether or not a reaction will proceed is analogous to a coin standing on its edge—the coin would be more stable on its side, but it will not tip unless pushed. In order for a reaction to occur, a certain threshold energy must be reached. This threshold is called the activation energy. As a rule, the lower the activation energy, the faster the reaction.

(J) Binding Energy In nuclear physics, the total energy required to separate from one another the neutrons and protons making up the nucleus of an atom. This same amount of energy is released when such particles combine to form a nucleus, resulting in a slight loss of mass. Through Einstein's equivalency relationship, the binding energy is equal to this amount of lost mass times the square of the velocity of light. The atoms with the greatest stability are those that have the greatest average binding energy per nuclear particle.

Internal Energy The sum of all microscopic forms of energy of a system. It is related to the molecular structure and the degree of molecular activity and may be viewed as the sum of kinetic and potential energies of the molecules. The change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat added to the system minus the work done by the system. U=Q-W

Types of Internal Energy: Sensible Energy the portion of the internal energy of a system associated with kinetic energies (molecular translation, rotation, and vibration; electron translation and spin; and nuclear spin) of the molecules. Latent Energy the internal energy associated with the phase of a system. Chemical Energy the internal energy associated with the atomic bonds in a molecule.

Nuclear Energy Energy Interactions Thermal Energy the tremendous amount of energy associated with the strong bonds within the nucleus of the atom itself. Energy Interactions those types of energies not stored in the system (e.g. heat transfer, mass transfer, and work), but which are recognized at the system boundary as they cross it, which represent gains or losses by a system during a process. Thermal Energy the sum of sensible and latent forms of internal energy.

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