A sustainable society and a fulfilling life Topic 3 Work and Leisure © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life ©UniSA 2007

Topic 3: Work and Leisure Ch 4 Today’s lecture draws from: Chapter 4 of the textbook (Work and Leisure) Christensen, C. M. 2010. How will you measure your life? Harvard Business Review, 88(7/8): 46-51. Prof Sara Charlesworth’s and Dr Natalie Skinner’s presentations © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life

A sustainable society and a fulfilling life In the tutorials Discussion on key reading(s) Game - Speed research Work leisure activity Rounding up Local Enterprises activity on mobile learning academy Assignment 1 preparation © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life

A sustainable society and a fulfilling life © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life

A sustainable society and a fulfilling life © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life

A sustainable society and a fulfilling life © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life

Work/life balance in the news Ch 4 Work/life balance in the news Mike turned down a private box with five of his tech idols at the US Super bowl – to return to Sydney for his son’s fifth birthday Mike turned down a private dinner with legendary investor Warren Buffet to return home from the US for a family function http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/companies/the-cannonbrookes-balancing-life-as-accidental-billionaires/news-story/34e8a6f144b9072b36073a3caf87a5fb Reproduced and communicated on behalf of the University of South Australia pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) in reliance on s135ZME on 29/3/10. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice. © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life

What is this life if, full of care, Ch 4 Work and leisure What is this life if, full of care, We have no time to stand and stare. Leisure (William Henry Davies 1911) © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life

A sustainable society and a fulfilling life Ch 4 Work and leisure In contemporary society there is a strong focus on work Provides us with money, it defines us, shapes our self-concept and influences our satisfaction with life. After all, why are you here? Does too much work create problems... © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life

A sustainable society and a fulfilling life Ch 4 Work and leisure So... Where does the focus on work come from? The work ethic Originates in both Protestant and Confucian philosophies... The ‘Work-leisure’ duality Industrial Revolution The artificial divide of our lives into two spheres Work and non-work... © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life

A sustainable society and a fulfilling life Ch 4 Work and leisure Awareness of the limitations of work to provide benefits to people isn’t new…. The critical importance of leisure and not working has been known for thousands of years… © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life

Topic 3: Work and leisure Ch 4 Topic 3: Work and leisure “How satisfied are you with your pay?” “All in all, how satisfied are you with your job?” Average weekly working hours “How often do you find your job prevents you giving the time you want to your family? © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life

A sustainable society and a fulfilling life © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life

What is Work-life Balance? Ch 4 What is Work-life Balance? Process of mutual influence between work and life domains Other terms: work-life interaction, spillover, integration, relationship “the individual’s perception that work and non-work activities are compatible and promote growth in accordance with an individual’s current life priorities” Thomas Kalliath and Paula Brough (2008) © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life

A sustainable society and a fulfilling life Ch 4 Work- life Balance Maintaining a balance between the responsibilities of work and the responsibilities at home Typically has been focussed on issues such as: Child rearing Care duties (particularly child care) New element- Caring for the aged © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life

What is a good work-life relationship? Ch 4 What is a good work-life relationship? More positive connections (work benefits life outside work) Skill development & transfer (eg time management, negotiation skills) Enhanced wellbeing (mood enhancement, confidence, satisfaction) Less negative connections (work harms life outside work) Time strain (not enough time to attend to family/personal life) Fatigue/exhaustion Emotional/psychological strain (“stress”) (Geurts et al 2005; Greenhaus & Powell, 2006) © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life

Australia’s WLB scorecard Ch 4 Australia’s WLB scorecard AWALI 2014 national survey (%) 45% ♂ 58% ♀ Australian Work + Life Index (AWALI) http://www.unisa.edu.au/Research/Centre-for-Work-Life/Our-research/Current-Research/ Australian-Work-And-Life-Index/ A sustainable society and a fulfilling life © UniSA 2016

A sustainable society and a fulfilling life Ch 4 Work Home 57% Work negatively impacts family/ personal life Only 5.5 per cent of workers feel that that their personal life takes time from their work often or almost always Almost 60% of workers feel the opposite – work takes time way from their family, personal & social life. This is consistent with international research. Work impacts on rest of life much more than life impacts on work. Only 5 % felt that that home life negatively impacts on work (AWALI 2007) © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life

A sustainable society and a fulfilling life Ch 4 Work- life Balance Three components to WLB: Time balance the amount of time given to work and non-work roles. Involvement balance level of psychological involvement in, or commitment to, work and non-work roles. Satisfaction balance level of satisfaction with work and non-work roles. © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life

Challenges Increasing work demands / complexity Consistent predictors of poor mental health Increasing work demands / complexity Unsupportive organisational cultures Strongest predictors of work-life interference @UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life

Work-Life (Im)balance Ch 4 Work-Life (Im)balance Australian context Social Trends: Family structures are changing: male breadwinner model → 1½ earner model Aging population, living longer; having fewer children later → “care crunch” Unequal division of labour in the family remains Employment trends: A growing proportion of women are in paid work Demise of standard working hours Longer hours worked, especially by men; increase in ‘unsocial hours’ Greater casualisation → limits access to paid leave that can support work/life balance and increases time and income insecurity Pocock et al (2012) Time Bomb © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life

Outcomes of work-life conflict/ interference Ch 4 Outcomes of work-life conflict/ interference Mental health Higher burnout rates Increased psychological strain Increased depression Greater work stress Physical health Increased general somatic symptoms Quality of life Less life satisfaction Increased family-related stress Organisational outcomes Higher turnover intention Lower job satisfaction Less job engagement Dissatisfaction with work Reproduced and communicated on behalf of the University of South Australia pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) in reliance on s135ZME on 21/3/10. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice. © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life

Benefits to Business of providing Work-Life Balance Ch 4 Benefits to Business of providing Work-Life Balance © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life

A sustainable society and a fulfilling life Ch 4 © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life

Who determines the balance? Ch 4 Who determines the balance? Value-laden Child rearing is ‘acceptable’, but other forms of flexible work practices are because you’re lazy... The work ethic is still loud and strong... Leisure is considered less important... Frivolous... Play.... Not productive... Reproduced and communicated on behalf of the University of South Australia pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) in reliance on s135ZME on 21/3/10. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice. © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life

Who determines the balance? Ch 4 Who determines the balance? spending too much time exercising and not enough drawing up policies ...Health Minister . Nicola Roxon . The Advertiser 29/03/10 p 11 Reproduced and communicated on behalf of the University of South Australia pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) in reliance on s135ZME on 29/3/10. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice. © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life

Who determines the balance? Ch 4 Who determines the balance? National, cultural, organisational and social influences... However, Protestant Work Ethic (and Confucian Work Ethic) Being productive meaning getting to the office early and leaving late. Attitudes often shown by managers/employers Organisational culture/ climate Career consequences Time expectations Gender perceptions Co-worker support Reproduced and communicated on behalf of the University of South Australia pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) in reliance on s135ZME on 21/3/10. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice. © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life

Organisational culture Ch 4 Organisational culture “having a “family-friendly policy” ….. is not identical to being “family-friendly” …. The missing link is organisational climate” Guerts & Demerouti, 2003, p. 301 Reproduced and communicated on behalf of the University of South Australia pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) in reliance on s135ZME on 21/3/10. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice. © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life

Organisational culture Ch 4 Organisational culture Ways work is organised Everyday work behaviours, practices, communications Language, workload distribution, reward distribution Not in policies, large scale policy programs Reproduced and communicated on behalf of the University of South Australia pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) in reliance on s135ZME on 21/3/10. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice. © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life

Intrinsic and Extrinsic goods Ch 4 Intrinsic and Extrinsic goods Work can bring both Intrinsic outputs – happiness, personal growth, development Extrinsic, practical, visible outputs – goods and services, office, working conditions… Is it the level of pleasure, intrinsic value, we see in our lives that is the key to balance? © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life

Work/life balance: Summary Ch 4 Work/life balance: Summary Widespread dissatisfaction with current work-life balance Many elements in the mix But concept of ‘proper’ balance is value laden, heavily concentrated on carer responsibilities and largely ignores leisure Intrinsic value, happiness, may be found in both work and leisure But only leisure has a freedom of choice component to it... Business has a responsibility to employees as stakeholders © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life

A sustainable society and a fulfilling life Reference List Geurts, S., Taris, T., Kompier, M., Dikkers, J. S. E., van Hoof, M. L. M., & Kinnunen, U. M. (2005). Work-home interaction from a work psychological perspective: Development and validation of a new questionnaire, the SWING. Work & Stress, 19(4), 319-339. Geurts, S. A. E., & Demerouti, E. (2003). Work/non-work interface: A review of theories and findings. In M. J. Schabracq, J. A. M. Winnubst & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), The handbook of work and health psychology (pp. 279-312). New York: John Wiley & Sons. Greenhaus, J. H., & Powell, G. N. (2006). When work and family are alllies: A theory of work-family enrichment. Academy of Management Review, 31(1), 72-92. Kalliath, T. and P. Brough (2008). Work-life balance: A review of the meaning of the balance construct. Journal of Management and Organization 14: 323-327. Kelly, E. L., & Moen, P. (2007). Rethinking the clockwork of work: Why schedule control may pay off at work and at home. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 9(4), 487-506. Kossek, E. E., & Ozeki, C. (1999). Bridging the work-family policy and productivity gap: A literature review. Community, Work and Family, 2(1), 7-32. Pocock, B., Skinner, N. & Williams, P. (2012). ‘Time Bomb’ Work, Life and Play in Australia Today. Sydney, New South Press. Skinner, N. and Pocock, P. (2008) Work, life and workplace culture: The Australian Work and Life Index 2008, Centre for Work + Life, University of South Australia, Adelaide © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life

A sustainable society and a fulfilling life Thank you Next week Ethics Part 1 © UniSA 2016 A sustainable society and a fulfilling life