DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis Fall 2015

Section 1: Meiosis Meiosis: __________________________________ production/formation of sex cells (eggs and sperm) Meiosis: __________________________________ Characteristics similar to __________ Includes the following structures: ___________________ ________________ ____________________ __________________ _________________ ______________________ Mitosis Spindle Fibers Centrioles Sister Chromatids Chromosomes Centromere Kinetochore 8 Steps or phases

Storm Tracker (6.1) Chromatid Centriole Centromere Chromosome Instructions: Label the following structures below by using the word bank provided. Word Bank: Centromere, Spindle Fibers, Kinetochore, Chromosomes, Chromatid, Centrioles Chromatid Centriole Centromere Chromosome Kinetochore Spindle Fibers

Section 1: Meiosis Prophase 1 nucleus disappears Drawing Phase Description What’s Happening: Genetic Information: Prophase 1 nucleus disappears spindle fibers form connecting to centromeres chromatin changes to chromosomes ***crossing over occurs

Section 1: Meiosis Crossing Over: _____________________________ _________________________________________ allows for_________ __________ ! _________- two homologous chromosomes (one chromatid from each parent) coming together ______________ chromatids _______________________________________ chromosomal segments exchanging genetic material Genetic diversity Synapse Non-sister Exchanging genetic material

Crossing Over Synapse

Section 1: Meiosis Metaphase 1 Drawing Phase Description What’s Happening: Metaphase 1 2 full chromosomes (homologous pair) line up along metaphase plate Lining up @ equator is random—allows for Independent assortment

Section 1: Meiosis chromosome pair splits Anaphase 1 Drawing Phase Description What’s Happening: Anaphase 1 chromosome pair splits - 1 chromosome (2 chromatids) goes to each pole

Section 1: Meiosis Telophase 1 nucleus reappears Drawing Phase Description What’s Happening: Genetic Material: Telophase 1 nucleus reappears spindle fibers disappear chromosomes turn into chromatin - each cell = 46 chromesomes - each cell = NON-identical

Section 1: Meiosis Interkinesis: ______________________________ ___________________________________ similar to interphase… a SHORT resting phase NO REPLICATION OF DNA!!!!

Section 1: Meiosis Prophase 2 Drawing Phase Description What’s Happening: Genetic Material: Prophase 2 spindle fibers form reattach to centromere nucleus breaks up Chromatin change into chromatids into chromosomes -no replication

Section 1: Meiosis Metaphase 2 chromosome lines up on equator Drawing Description What’s Happening: Metaphase 2 chromosome lines up on equator

Section 1: Meiosis Anaphase 2 Drawing Phase Description What’s Happening: Anaphase 2 chromosome (and centromere) split and one chromatid goes to each pole

Section 1: Meiosis Telophase 2 nucleus reappears Drawing Phase Description What’s Happening: Genetic Material: In the end: Telophase 2 nucleus reappears spindle fibers disappear chromosomes change into chromatin -each cell = 23 chromesomes = sex cells (male–sperm; female–eggs) - haploid cells - non-identical to parent/each other

Section 2: DNA Replication Name Description Diagram Normal form of Deoxyribonucleic acid Double Helix Untwisted form of DNA DNA Ladder

Section 2: DNA Replication Name Description Diagram Nucleotide D= Dexyribo sugar P= Phosphate B= Nitrogen Base Base Sugar P Nitrogenous Base A= Adenine T= Thymine G= Guanine C= Cytosine

Section 2: DNA Replication Name Description Diagram DNA Ladder Keeps bases together, before replication, during replication must break Color Code= Red= Dexyribo sugar Yellow/ orange= phosphate Green= Base

Section 2: DNA Replication Name Description Diagram Nitrogenous Bases A→T A T T→A G C G→C C→G

Section 2:DNA Replication What is DNA Replication? When does it happen? Where does it happen? Making second identical copy Interphase Nucleus

Section 2: DNA Replication Step 1. Diagram Description Untwisting

Section 2: DNA Replication Step 2. Diagram Description Unzipping, breaking hydrogen bonds

Section 2: DNA Replication Step 3. Diagram Description Bases match to find complementary base

Section 2: DNA Replication Step 4. Diagram Description Rezip/ Retwist to form two identical copies

Storm Tracker (6.2) Base Base Deoxyribo sugar (DS) DS P P G C A T G G

4 3 2 1

G A A G C T G A T G C C

DNA Replication unzipping Pairing B, A, D, C Interphase

Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine

Section 3: Protein Synthesis Name Description Diagram Single Helix ½ of Double ½ of DNA Ladder

Section 3: Protein Synthesis Name Description Diagram Nucleotide R= Ribo Sugar Ribo sugar Base P= Phosphate B= Base P

Section 3: Protein Synthesis Name Description Diagram Nitrogenous Bases A= Adenine A U U= Uracil G= Guanine C= Cytosine G C A→U U→A G→C C→G

Section 3: Protein Synthesis Name Description Diagram RNA Ribonucleic Acid Single helix Types of RNA: Carries, messages from nucleus to ribosome to make protein mRNA (messenger)

Section 3: Protein Synthesis Types of RNA: Description Diagram rRNA (ribosomyl) Chemical make up of a ribosome tRNA (transfer) Transfers amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosome

Section 3: Protein Synthesis Types of RNA: Description Diagram Codon Set of 3 bases, located on mRNA, codes for protein G Anticodon Located on tRNA Cysteine

Section 3: Protein Synthesis Large complex molecules made of oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen Protein: Protein Synthesis: Transcription: What: Where: When: Making of proteins Changing DNA to RNA Nucleus All the time

Section 3: Protein Synthesis Step 1. Diagram Description DNA untwists and unravels

Section 3: Protein Synthesis Step 2. Diagram Description RNA strand is started, complementary bases find their match

Section 3: Protein Synthesis Step 3. Diagram Description RNA is complete, breaks away from DNA

Section 3: Protein Synthesis Translation What: Where: When: RNA to protein Ribosome As needed

Section 3: Protein Synthesis Step 1. Diagram Description RNA moves to ribosome (mRNA) Anticodon finds amino acid

Section 3: Protein Synthesis Step 2. Diagram Description Anticodon matches up with codon

Section 3: Protein Synthesis Step 3. Diagram Description RNA is translated to protein

Section 3: Protein Synthesis Mutations: Segments of DNA that have not been copied or are miscopied

Start Codon= AUG Stop Codon= UGA, UAA, UAG

The code of life Turn each code of DNA into RNA START= UAC STOP= AUC Turn each code of DNA into RNA   DNA Sequence Code #1 A T G C C C C C G A G A T C C T C G T T T T A G Code #2 A T G A T T C A A C A C A T C C A G C C A C A T T A G Code #3 A T G G C T C C G A G A G G A G G C A G A G G G T A G Code #4 A T G C C C C C G G A A T G A T G C T A G Code #5 A T G T T A C C G A G A T T C T T G T T T T A G U A C G G G G G C U C U A G G A G C A A A A U C UACUAAGUUGUGUAGGUCGGUGUAAUC UACCGAGGCUCUCCUCCGUCUCCCAUC UACGGGGGCCUUACUACGAUC UACAAUGGCUCUAAGAACAAAAUC

The Code of life 1st- Find your codons within sets of 3 UACGGGGGCUCUAGGAGCAAAAUC Start Stop biology is the study of life

The Code of life 1st- Find your codons within sets of 3 UACUAAGUUGUGUAGGUCGGUGUAAUC Start Stop An old rubber band breaks when pulled

The code of life UACCGAGGCUCUCCUCCGUCUCCCAUC Education is the door to the future UACGGGGGCCUUACUACGAUC Biology is all around you UACAAUGGCUCUAAGAACAAAAUC DNA is the code for life

Transcribe: TACCGTATT AUGGCAUAA AUGCACUGA Transcribe: TACGTGACT Start Histidine Stop Start Alanine Stop

Study for DNA replication Quiz! How is a DNA Ladder formed?

Study for DNA Replication Quiz! What is the normal form of DNA? What is the untwisted form of DNA? What is a nucleotide made up of? What are the four types of nitrogenous bases? Double Helix DNA Ladder Base Sugar P A= Adenine T= Thymine G= Guanine C= Cytosine

Study for DNA replication Quiz! Where does DNA replication occur? What is the order of DNA Replication? Nucleus Untwisting Unzips Finds matching bases Rezips/ retwist

Double Helix- In textbook page 294 top of first paragraph Deoxyribose sugar: monosaccharide which contains five carbon atoms, helps construct a nucleotide Adenine: purine base that codes hereditary information in the genetic code, always pairs with thymine, in DNA and RNA Guanine: purine base that codes hereditary information in the genetic code, always pairs with cytosine, in DNA and RNA Thymine: pyrimidine base that codes hereditary information in the genetic code, always pairs with Adenine, is only in DNA Cytosine: pyrimidine base that codes hereditary information in the genetic code, always pairs with Guanine, in DNA and RNA Nitrogenous Base: a nitrogen containing molecule that has the same chemical properties as a base, building blocks of DNA and RNA: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil Phosphate group: structural component of nucleotide, which is the basic structural unit of DNA and RNA