Different ways to look at past events Historiography Different ways to look at past events How do we study history or what is world history and how did it emerge as a discipline

Defining what we study Civilization Development of Civilization People Events Places Causation Development of Civilization Patterns Biological Patterns Systems approach (Interactions) Globalism Political Social Cultural Economic Education Cyclical Patterns (predictions) Shaped by Humans Reasoning Technology (man’s attempt to overcome his environment) POV Change “Success” “Progress”

Historians and Historical Interpretation Herodotus (484 B.C.) Often called the “father of history”, Herodotus lived during the fifth century B.C. He traveled widely and recorded the stories of Greek battles and accomplishments. He believed that the universe was ruled by “Fate” and “Chance,” and that nothing was stable in hum affairs he thought that moral choice was still important, however, since the gods punish the arrogant. This attempt to draw moral lessons from the study of great events formed the basis of Greek and Roman hisotriographical tradition , of which Herodotus is rightly regarded a the founder. Thucydides (400B.C) Another famous Greek observer, this historian is best known for his accounts of the wars of his day. He wrote especially of the fighting between Sparta and Athens. He described the logistics, the strategies, and the human toll of war in ancient times

How do we make the links and what links should be made Hierarchy (top, bottom) Dominance (more, less, better, best) Stratification (which layer is thicker, thinner) Univocal Determination (what motivates) Circular Causality (cause effect, cause effect) Spectrum (one extreme or the other)

Prehistory vs. “History” “Those who forget their past are condemned to repeat it”: philosopher George Santayana “The one duty we owe to history is to rewrite it”: playwright Oscar Wilde “The past is a foreign country: they do things differently there”: novelist L P Hartley “The winners get to write history”: anonymous

Transition from Paleolithic Neolithic Neolithic “Civilization” Foundations Unit Prehistory to Postclassical World 8000 BCE to 600 CE

Paleolithic Era (3 million/250,000 – ca. 10,000 bce) Type of tools Stone Basic survival or subsistence level Influenced by climate and climate changes Nomadic Hunters and gatherers Bands About 30-50 Family and culture groups General social equality Economic roles a little different but the burden of the tasks and the level of responsibility and decision making was based on need not pre-established roles Women gathered berries, nuts etc. Men hunters Natufian society of the eastern Mediterranean

Pre-Historic Man in the Paleolithic Age (Different than ancient man) Neanderthal People Cro-Magnon People When they lived 200,000 B.C.- 30,000 B.C.? (may have been absorbed by Cro-Magnon) 30,000 B.C.- 10,000 B.C. Physical characteristics powerfully built heavy jaws, thick eyebrow ridges, large noses looked more like modern people; high foreheads, well defined chins, small eyebrow ridges Where they lived Europe, the Middle East, Asia, lived in caves southern France and Spain; lived in caves Tools they used more efficient tools than preceding groups used fire to develop new techniques for fashioning bifacial tools, arrowheads and scrapers, implements that were essential for the survival of his tribe. more advanced tools than Neanderthal greater use of the animals he had hunted. The skins were used tomake clothes, antlers to make tool handles,needles And hooks and he gradually began to farm the land and then to breed animals (from 5000 BC). Important Accomplishments wore clothes; cared for the sick; buried the dead with tools; probably the first to cook food invented the spear; better hunters, could draw and paint,

Population 4 million in 10,000 bce to 5 million in 5000 bce and rose to 14 million in 3000 bce and about 100 million by 500 bce Jericho Catal Huyuk Industries Pottery Metallurgy Textile

10,000 bce – 1000 CE

100,000bce – 10000bce

1000 CE – 2000 CE

Regional discoveries of cultural representations during Paleolithic and early Neolithic Eras

Neolithic Era - New Stone Age Actually transition from nomadic society to sedentary society Type of living changed from caves and open areas to actual dwellings Migration continues but slows Population numbers increase causing the need for more complex relationships and systems to support them

Example of some early houses

Villages The villages become cities

Neolithic or Agricultural Transition Shift from food gathering to food producing Result is people begin to settle in one place Cities develop Surplus begins Impact is complex societies or civilizations that have trade networks and are interconnected Neolithic Revolution is the basis for more complex societies to be formed Sedentary Surplus Diverse economic activity Division of labor Gender roles begin to change and become less equal Need for complex record keeping Writing systems Pictographic (drew pictures to represent physical aspects) Ideographs (drew pictures to represent abstract) Phonographs (drew symbols to represent sounds) Alphabet and writing systems

Civilization or complex societies When do we know it is a “civilization” or matches other complex societies and is no longer Neolithic and able to sustain itself over generations. It may adapt/evolve over many generations Rates of adaptation are influenced by geography, type of culture, and creation of technology 5-6 elements of Civilization Division of labor Advanced technology System of Writing Calendar Cities with Government or system of control Usually some element within culture of philosophy that holds them together and explains the forces of nature

Urban areas Population (biological) Culture State Gender Work Leisure Ritual centers (temples)

What does the transition impact What causes the impact? Ability to control environment Slash and burn techniques Irrigation People stop roaming and build villages first then cities as population grew and methods developed Impact is “civilization” Subsistence to surplus Trade networks within area creates relationship with the cities and culture groups creating empires Empires and areas connect through trade exchanging technology and goods that assist in overcoming environment and cause adaptation rate to increase Also causes more conflict Luxury items traded longer distances You can track these items to see who traded with who

Spontaneous or Independent Discovery and Invention Were ideas at certain times connected or arose because there was an a need at approximately the same time because of climate change or great shifts in populations? Independent Invention (2:30)