ASHRAE Stsdddddsd 62.1-2013 Update Standard 62.1-2016 A Summary Update Oct 2015 Dennis Stanke March 2017 Dennis A. Stanke

ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2016 What Is It? An ANSI/ASHRAE Design Standard Title: “Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality” Purpose: “… to specify minimum ventilation rates and other measures intended to provide indoor air quality that is acceptable to human occupants and that minimizes adverse health effects.” Scope: “… applies to spaces intended for human occupancy within buildings …” Scope no longer includes dwelling units in hi-rise residential buildings

ASHRAE Standard 62.1 Why Care? Standards: Std 189.1 (Design of HPGB) requires Sect 4 – 8 Codes: UMC, IMC model codes and many local codes base ventilation requirements on Sect 6 IgCC: IgCC provisions or Std 189.1 (62.1, Sect 4 – 8) Energy Labels: ENERGY STAR (EPA) requires Sect 4 – 8 bEQ (ASHRAE) requires Sect 4 – 8 Rating Systems: LEED certification requires Sect 4 – 7 as prerequisite

Outline of Provisions for Designers Sect 4 and 5: Mandatory general requirements To reduce generation of indoor contaminants and introduction of outdoor contaminants Sect 6: Minimum ventilation requirements To dilute indoor contaminants using OA intake flow To remove indoor contaminants using EA flow Sect 7: Mandatory construction/startup reqmts Sect 8 Mandatory operation/maintenance reqmts

To assure OA distribution, must: 5.1.1 Designing for Air Balancing Std 62.1 Section 5 – Systems & Equipment 5.1 Ventilation Air Distribution Mech Designer To assure OA distribution, must: 5.1.1 Designing for Air Balancing Provide means to adjust (balance) airflows 5.1.2 Plenum Systems Design to assure OA mixing in ceiling or floor plenums 5.1.3 Documentation Specify requirements for air balance testing State ventilation design assumptions

Std 62.1 Section 5 – Systems & Equipment 5.2 Exhaust Duct Location Mech Designer To prevent leakage of potentially harmful exhaust contaminants back into the building, must: 5.2.1 Exhaust Ducts with Class 4 Air Operate ducts with potentially harmful contaminants (Class 4 air) at negative pressure relative to surrounding ducts, plenums, or spaces 5.2.2 Exhaust Ducts with Class 2 or 3 Air Locate positive pressure ducts with smelly air (Class 2 or 3) outside of ducts, plenums, or occupiable spaces Exception: Class 2 air ducts sealed per SMACNA Seal Class A

Air classes are based on judgement of SSPC Std 62.1 Section 5 – Systems & Equipment 5.16 Air Classification & Recirculation Mech Designer To reduce airflow from “dirty” to “cleaner” spaces, must: 5.16.1 Classification Designate air from each space/location at a classification not less than listed in Table 5.16.1, 6.2.2.1, or 6.5, where (for example): Class 1: Low contaminant concentration (office) Class 2: Mild concentration (dining room) Class 3: Significant concentration (daycare sick room) Class 4: Highly objectionable or potentially harmful Air classes are based on judgement of SSPC

To assure proper OA flow intake control, must: 5.3.1 All Systems Std 62.1 Section 5 – Systems & Equipment 5.3 Ventilation System Controls Mech Designer To assure proper OA flow intake control, must: 5.3.1 All Systems Include controls to maintain minimum OA intake flow (Section 6) at all load or dynamic reset conditions 5.3.2 VAV Systems (single-zone and multiple-zone) Include either: Modulating OA dampers Modulating OA injection fans Other approved means of compliance with 5.3.1 Many CV and VAV systems require OA flow sensing to meet Sect 5.3.1 and Std 90.1 DCV reqmts

Std 62.1 Section 5 – Systems & Equipment 5.4 Airstream Surfaces Mech Designer To reduce contamination of equipment and duct airstream surfaces, must: 5.4.1 Resistance to Mold Growth Use duct materials that resist microbial growth per UL 181, ASTM C 1338 or comparable test methods 5.4.2 Resistance to Erosion Use duct materials that resist erosion per UL 181 test methods Most matte-face finishes meet these requirements

Std 62.1 Section 5 – Systems & Equipment 5.5 Outdoor Air Intakes Project Team To reduce contamination from outdoor sources, must: 5.5.1 Location Separate OA intake openings from specific outdoor contaminant sources per Table 5.5.1. For example: Class 2 exhaust outlet 10 ft Plumbing vent 3 ft above intake 3 ft Vents from combustion appliances 15 ft Garage entry 15 ft Loading dock 25 ft Street 5 ft Dumpster 15 ft

Std 62.1 Section 5 – Systems & Equipment Particle Filters Mech Designer 5.8 Particulate Matter Removal. To reduce rate of dirt accumulation on wet surfaces (especially HVAC cooling coils), must: Use at least a MERV 8 filter upstream of wet devices Exception: Cooling coils designed, controlled and operated for sensible cooling only Added exception for chilled beam systems and other systems with 100% OA unit for latent load

Std 62.1 Section 5 – Systems & Equipment 5.9 Dehumidification Systems Mech Designer To reduce moisture in buildings with mechanical cooling, must: 5.9.1 Relative Humidity Show that system limits zone RH to 65% or less when analyzed at design dew point weather, design cooling load (sensible and latent) and zero solar loads 5.9.2 Building Exfiltration Design such that OA intake flow equals or exceeds exhaust airflow under all load and dynamic reset conditions Caution: Simple CV systems might exceed 65% analysis limit

Std 62.1 Section 5 – Systems & Equipment 5.10 Drain Pans Mech Designer To reduce condensate flooding and carryover must: 5.10.1 Drain Pan Slope Provide drain pan sloped at least 1/8 “ per foot 5.10.2 Drain Outlet Locate drain opening at lowest point of drain pan and size to prevent overflow under expected conditions 5.10.3 Drain Seal Use P-trap or other seal to prevent ingestion of air while allowing complete drainage with fan on or off 5.10.4 Pan Size Size drain pan to limit carryover

Std 62.1 Section 5 – Systems & Equipment 5.11 Finned-Tube Coils Mech Designer To reduce droplet carryover due to dirty surfaces, must: 5.11.1 Drain Pans Provide a drain pan in accordance with Section 5.10 beneath any condensate-producing device 5.11.2 Finned-Tube Coil Selection for Cleaning Select finned-tube coils with dry-coil pressure drop of 0.75 in.wc.@ 500 fpm or less

Std 62.1 Section 5 – Systems & Equipment 5.12 Humidifiers, Water-Spray Mech Designer To reduce water-borne contaminants & droplet carryover, design must: 5.12.1 Water Quality Use potable water (or better) where water enters ventilation system, space or vapor generator 5.12.2 Obstructions Locate no air cleaners or obstructions, such as turning vanes and dampers, and no duct offsets >15 degrees downstream of humidifiers or water-spray systems, within manufacturer specified absorption distance

To reduce intrusion of water and water vapor, must: Std 62.1 Section 5 – Systems & Equipment 5.14 Building Envelope and Interior Surfaces Project Team To reduce intrusion of water and water vapor, must: 5.14.1 Building Envelope Use a weather barrier Use a vapor retarder (typically on the warm side) Seal all envelope seams, joints and penetrations 5.14.2 Condensation on Interior Surfaces Insulate pipes and ducts and retard vapor to prevent formation on condensate on or inside insulation Insulate and protect indoor cold pipes, and cold outdoor pipes that enter the building

Outline of Provisions for Designers Sect 4 and 5: Mandatory general requirements To reduce generation of indoor contaminants and introduction of outdoor contaminants Sect 6: Minimum ventilation requirements To dilute indoor contaminants using OA intake flow To remove indoor contaminants using EA flow Sect 7: Mandatory construction/startup reqmts Sect 8 Mandatory operation/maintenance reqmts

Std 62.1 Section 6 – [Ventilation] Procedures 6.1 General Mech Designer To reduce indoor contaminant concentrations, design outdoor air (OA) intake systems to meet Section 6.2, 6.3 and/or 6.4, and exhaust systems to meet Section 6.5: 6.1.1 Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP). Prescribes minimum OA rates, calculation procedures 6.1.2 IAQ Procedure (IAQP). Requires analysis of contaminant levels (“performance”) based on sources and target concentrations, to find minimum OA rates 6.1.3 Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP) Prescribes OA opening area and geometry for natural ventilation

Std 62. 1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6 Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.2 Ventilation Rate Procedure Mech Designer To reduce introduction of outdoor contaminants in EPA non-attainment locations, must: 6.2.1 Outdoor Air Treatment. Use at least MERV 6 if PM10 exceeds NAAQS Use at least MERV 11 if PM2.5 exceeds NAAQS Use at least 40% efficient ozone air cleaner if ozone greatly exceeds the NAAQS (very high non-attainment area – only four counties in USA) Document design assumptions, and air cleaning contaminant concentration calculations if any other contaminant exceeds the NAAQS

To reduce contaminants in each occupied zone, must: Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.2 Ventilation Rate Procedure Mech Designer To reduce contaminants in each occupied zone, must: 6.2.2 Zone Calculations Use minimum OA rates (Table 6.2.2.1: cfm/per, cfm/sf) and Eq 6.2.2.1 to find breathing zone outdoor airflow: (Vbz = Rp*Pz + Ra*Az) Use Table 6.2.2.2 to find zone air distribution effectiveness (typically, Ez = 1.0 for clg, 0.8 for htg) Use Equation 6.2.2.3 to find zone outdoor airflow: (Voz = Vbz/Ez) These calculations result in design minimum zone outdoor airflow (Voz) for any system type

To find minimum system-level outdoor air intake flow (Vot): Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.2 Ventilation Rate Procedure Mech Designer To find minimum system-level outdoor air intake flow (Vot): 6.2.3 Single-Zone Systems. Where one air handler supplies mixed air to one zone, must: Use Eq 6.2.3 to find system-level outdoor air intake flow: (Vot = Voz)

To find minimum system-level outdoor air intake flow (Vot): Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.2 Ventilation Rate Procedure Mech Designer To find minimum system-level outdoor air intake flow (Vot): 6.2.4 100% Outdoor Air Systems. Where one air handler supplies only outdoor air to one or more zones, must: Use Eq 6.2.4 to find system-level outdoor air intake flow: (Vot = Sall zonesVoz)

Std 62. 1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6 Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.2 Ventilation Rate Procedure Mech Designer To find minimum system-level outdoor air intake flow (Vot): 6.2.5 Multiple-Zone Recirculating Systems. Where one air handler supplies mixed air to many zones, must: Use Table 6.2.5.2 values or Appendix A equations (shown below) to find system ventilation efficiency (Ev) Use Section 6.2.5 equations to find design system-level outdoor air intake flow (Vot): Vot = Vou/Ev … outdoor air intake flow Vou = D* S Rp*Pz + S Ra*Az … OA used in zones D = Ps/ S Pz … population diversity factor Ev = min(Evz) … system vent efficiency Evz = 1 + Xs – Zpz … zone vent efficiency Xs = Vou/Vps … average OA fraction Zpz = Voz/Vpz … zone primary OA fraction

Std 62. 1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6 Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.2 Ventilation Rate Procedure Mech Designer For design, Vpz is the lowest expected primary airflow at the design condition. Use either: 1) reheat min settings (conservative), 2) the ASHRAE spreadsheet (time-consuming), or 3) an 8760 simulation (most accurate) To find minimum system-level outdoor air intake flow (Vot): 6.2.5 Multiple-Zone Recirculating Systems. Where one air handler supplies mixed air to many zones, must: Use Table 6.2.5.2 values or Appendix A equations (shown below) to find system ventilation efficiency (Ev) Use Section 6.2.5 equations to find design system-level outdoor air intake flow (Vot): Vot = Vou/Ev … outdoor air intake flow Vou = D* S Rp*Pz + S Ra*Az … OA used in zones D = Ps/ S Pz … population diversity factor Ev = min(Evz) … system vent efficiency Evz = 1 + Xs – Zpz … zone vent efficiency Xs = Vou/Vps … average OA fraction Zpz = Voz/Vpz … zone primary OA fraction For design, Vps is the highest expected system primary airflow value at the design condition. Use either: 1) fan block airflow (easy and usually worst-case) or 2) an 8760 simulation (most accurate).

Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures VRP – OA Calculation Example Mech Designer Do we have time for an example? No But, for illustration, I found total OA intake for a 6-zone school, using different systems and methods: One RTU per zone (six single-zone systems), both in cooling and heating One FC per zone, and a 100% OA system, with both CV and VAV ventilation airflow A reheat VAV (single-path multiple-zone) system using both default Ev and calculated Ev A series fan-powered VAV (dual-path multiple-zone) system using calculated Ev

Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures VRP – Example OA Intake Summary Mech Designer Ventilation System OA Intake (total Vot) Single-Zone Clg 8,900 Single-Zone Htg 11,100 100% OA – CV 100% OA – VAV MZS-VAV Default Ev 10,800 MZS-VAV App A Ev 8,400 MZS-VAV Series FP 7,800 No population diversity credit Penalty for “too warm” htg air No population diversity credit No population diversity credit Conservatively low default Ev More accurate calculated Ev Two ventilation paths, highest Ev

6.2.6.1 Variable Load Conditions. Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.2.6 Varying Operating Conditions Mech Designer To assure required minimum OA flow as operating conditions change, system designs are permitted to: 6.2.6.1 Variable Load Conditions. Reset breathing zone OA flow, provided minimum OA flow at any load is supplied when zones are occupied 6.2.6.2 Short-Term Conditions. Use average conditions over time T (= 3*volume/Vbz) to find design population or intake airflow, where peak population time is “short” or intake flow is interrupted (T = 3*volume / Vbz-peak) Averaging benefit might be low in classrooms (T ~ 60 min), but higher in offices (T ~ 350 min)

Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.2.7 Dynamic Reset Mech Designer To assure proper OA flow without over-ventilating, system dynamic reset controls are permitted to: 6.2.7.1 Demand Control Ventilation (DCV) Reset breathing zone OA flow (Vbz) based on current population, but no lower than Ra × Az (except in some zones, e.g. lecture classrooms, offices, public assembly spaces in standby mode) And must document DCV operational functions Often DCV with CO2 and/or occupancy sensor Intake must exceed exhaust airflow, per 5.9.2

Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.2.7 Dynamic Reset Mech Designer To assure proper OA flow without over-ventilating, system dynamic reset controls are permitted to: 6.2.7.2 Ventilation Efficiency. Reset VAV OA intake flow (Vot) as vent system efficiency (Ev) varies, usually in VAV systems Implies dynamic calculation of Ev and Vot Intake must exceed exhaust airflow, per 5.9.2

Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.2.7 Dynamic Reset Mech Designer To assure proper OA flow without over-ventilating, system dynamic reset controls are permitted to: 6.2.7.3 Outdoor Air Fraction. Reset VAV minimum zone primary airflow (Vpz) as system outdoor air fraction (Zp) varies, usually during economizer operation in VAV systems Implies dynamic calculation of Zp, Ev and Vot Intake must exceed exhaust airflow, per 5.9.2

Std 62. 1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6 Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.3 Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Procedure Mech Designer To determine zone outdoor airflow (Vbz) based on contaminant levels, designers must: 6.3.1 Contaminant Sources. Identify contaminants of concern (CoC), constituents of mixtures of concern (MoC), and sources and emission rates for each 6.3.2 Contaminant Concentration. Determine concentration limit for each CoC and MoC 6.3.3 Perceived IAQ. Specify acceptable IAQ level in terms of perceived IAQ (percent satisfied) 6.3.4 Design Approach. Find zone and system OA rates using the larger of those found by mass balance analysis or by subjective or similar-zone analysis

To comply with design approach (6.4.3), designers must: Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.3 Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Procedure Mech Designer To comply with design approach (6.4.3), designers must: 6.3.4.1 Mass Balance Analysis. Determine minimum OA flow (Vbz) required to achieve specified limits for concentration of each CoC or MoC in each zone 6.3.4.2 Subjective Evaluation. Determine minimum OA flow (Vbz) required to achieve the specified acceptability level in each zone in the completed building 6.3.4.3 Similar Zone. As alternative to subjective evaluation, stipulate minimum OA flow (Vbz) required to achieve the specified acceptability level in a substantially similar zone in an occupied building

IAQP requires judgment (= risk), similar zones Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.3 Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Procedure Mech Designer To determine zone outdoor airflow (Vbz) based on contaminant levels, designers must: 6.3.5 Combined IAQP and VRP. Apply both the VRP and the IAQP, where VRP determines base OA flow and IAQP determines additional OA flow or air-cleaning efficiency required to meet IAQP requirements 6.3.6 Documentation. Provide design documents that include CoC, MoC, source and emission rates, concentration limits, etc. IAQP requires judgment (= risk), similar zones IAQP not allowed by Std 189.1, IgCC or LEED

To meet natural ventilation (NV) procedure, must: Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.4 Natural Ventilation Procedure Project Team To meet natural ventilation (NV) procedure, must: 6.4 Natural Ventilation Procedure. Meet Section 6.4.1 - 6.4.3 geometric requirements Include mechanical ventilation (MV) to meet VRP or IAQP (i.e, must design mixed-mode system) 6.4.1 Floor Area to be Ventilated. Find NV area based on opening location, ceiling height 6.4.2 Location and Size of Openings. Size openings to outdoors ≥ 4% of occupiable floor area 6.4.3 Control and Accessibility. Provide readily accessible means to operate openings Provide controls to coordinate NV and MV operation

Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.5 Exhaust Ventilation Mech Designer To assure removal of contaminants from local indoor sources by exhaust ventilation, designer must: 6.5.1 Prescriptive Compliance Path. Determine zone exhaust airflow per Table 6.5 Examples of req’d exhaust for more than 20 occupancy categories listed: Art classroom 0.70 cfm/ft2 Beauty and nail salons 0.60 Kitchenettes 0.30 Parking garages 0.75 Locker/dressing rooms 0.25 Copy, printing rooms 0.50

Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.5 Exhaust Ventilation Mech Designer To assure removal of contaminants from local indoor sources by exhaust ventilation, designer must: 6.5.2 Performance Compliance Path. To allow demand controlled exhaust, as an alternative to the prescriptive path, designers must: Identify CoC or MoC Identify indoor & outdoor sources for each CoC or MoC and determine emission rate from each source Specify a target concentration, exposure period and cognizant authority for each CoC or MoC Monitor each CoC or MoC and automatically modulate exhaust airflow rate to maintain concentrations at or below target levels

Good documentation of ventilation design is critical. Std 62.1 Section 6 – (Ventilation) Procedures 6.6 Design Documentation Procedures Mech Designer To assure and verify proper implementation of ventilation design procedures, designer must: 6.6 Design Documentation Procedures Document and make available all design criteria and assumptions required by Section 4.3, 5.1.3, 5.16.4, 6.2.7.1.4, and 6.3.6 Good documentation of ventilation design is critical.

Outline of Provisions for Designers Sect 4 and 5: Mandatory general requirements To reduce generation of indoor contaminants and introduction of outdoor contaminants Sect 6: Minimum ventilation requirements To dilute indoor contaminants using OA intake flow To remove indoor contaminants using EA flow Sect 7: Mandatory construction/startup reqmts Sect 8: Mandatory operation/maintenance reqmts

To reduce IAQ problems caused during construction, project team must: Std 62.1 Section 7 – Construction and System Start-up 7.1 Construction Phase Project Team To reduce IAQ problems caused during construction, project team must: 7.1.1 Application. Comply with Sect 7.1 for ventilation systems and spaces 7.1.2. Filters. Install filters before operating fans 7.1.3. Protection of Materials. Protect materials from rain & moisture in transit & on-site; don’t install moldy materials

To reduce IAQ problems caused during construction, project team must: Std 62.1 Section 7 – Construction and System Start-up 7.1 Construction Phase Project Team To reduce IAQ problems caused during construction, project team must: 7.1.4. Protection of Occupied Areas. Where construction requires a bldg permit & generates significant contaminants, reduce contaminant migration into occupied areas (e.g., seal, exhaust, pressurize) 7.1.5. Air Duct Construction. Construct ducts per SMACNA or NFPA standards

To assure proper start-up the project team must: 7.2.1 Application. Std 62.1 Section 7 – Construction and System Start-up 7.2 System Start-Up Project Team To assure proper start-up the project team must: 7.2.1 Application. Comply with Sect 7.2 for newly installed or altered existing ventilation systems 7.2.2 Air Balancing. Perform air balance per ASHRAE Standard 111 7.2.3 Testing of Drain Pans. Field test condensate pans for proper drainage. Exception: Drainage certified by manufacturer. 7.2.4 Ventilation System Start-Up. Air distribution system must be clean prior to start-up

Operation and Maintenance Manual Std 62.1 Section 7 – Construction and System Start-up 7.2 System Start-Up Project Team To assure proper start-up, the project team must: 7.2.5 Outdoor Air Dampers. Test outdoor air dampers for proper operation prior to occupancy 7.2.6 Documentation. Provide ventilation system documentation to the owner including: Operation and Maintenance Manual with HVAC controls information, air balance report, and design criteria, assumptions and related drawings Operation and Maintenance Manual

Std 62.1 Section 8 – Operations and Maintenance Project Team To assure systems are operated as designed, the project team must: 8.1 New construction and change-of-use Comply with this section 8.2 Operations and Maintenance Manual Develop ventilation system documentation including: Operation and Maintenance Manual with O&M procedures, ventilation system operating schedules, final design drawings, maintenance schedules, requirements and frequency Operation and Maintenance Manual

Std 62.1 Section 8 – Operations and Maintenance Project Team To assure systems are operated as designed, the O&M Manual must instruct the owner to: 8.3 Ventilation System Operation Operate ventilation systems per the O&M Manual Operate ventilation systems to comply with Sect 6 whenever spaces are expected to be occupied 8.4 Ventilation System Maintenance Maintain ventilation system components per the O&M Manual

Std 62.1 Summary The Std 62.1 VRP rates and procedures are required by IMC, UMC, Energy Star, bEQ In addition, most Std 62.1 provisions are required by LEED And, nearly all provisions are required by Std 189.1 The 2016 version has relatively minor new requirements compared to the 2013 version (See summary in Appendix K) And of course, we’ve run out of time!

ASHRAE 62.1 update: Where are we now? Questions? Any Questions? ASHRAE 62.1 update: Where are we now?