Human Anatomy and Physiology II Lab 2: Blood Pathologies Heart Anatomy

Activity 1 Blood Pathologies Observe prepared slides of blood smears taken from patients with the following disorders: pernicious anemia iron deficiency anemia sickle cell anemia chronic lymphocytic leukemia eosinophilia

Anemia refers to any condition in which there is a reduction in the number of RBCs or a reduction in the concentration of normal hemoglobin Anemia can be classified according to etiology (cause) or on the basis of morphology – For morphological classification, the following terms are used: RBC Size RBC Color Microcytic: small size Hypochromic: pale color Normocytic: normal size Normochormic: normal color Macrocytic: large size Hyperchromic: dark color

caused by vitamin B12 deficiency Pernicious Anemia: caused by vitamin B12 deficiency Can be either macrocytic, hyperchromic or macrocytic, normochromic Note the enlarged, dark red blood cells, and the hypersegmented neutrophil in this smear

Iron Deficiency Anemia caused by iron insufficiency leading to decreased hemoglobin synthesis Is an example of microcytic, hypochromic anemia Note the small erythrocytes of varying sizes and the large area of central pallor

Sickle Cell Anemia: caused by a single amino acid substitution in the β chain of hemoglobin (valine replaces glutamic acid) This is a normochromic, normocytic anemia Note the sickle shaped erythrocytes.

Disorders Related to Leukocytes: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia caused by malignant lymphocyte progenitor cells in bone marrow Note the abundant small lymphocytes in this blood smear The lymphocyte nucleus may have a small indentation, or cleft

Eosinophilia many causes, including malignancy, connective tissue diseases, parasitic diseases, allergies; in some cases, no known cause Note the two normal looking eosinophils in the field

Objective 2 Human Heart Anatomy The heart has an apex and a base: Base Apex

The heart is surrounded by a pericardium: Human Heart In the Thorax Pericardial Sac Cut Open Surrounded by the pericardium

The wall of the heart consists of three tissue layers: 1. Epicardium (visceral pericardium) 2. Myocardium 3. Endocardium

Structures Visible On the Anterior Surface/Associated Vessels: Brachiocephalic Left Common Left Subclavian Artery Carotid Artery Artery Superior Vena Cava Right Pulmonary Veins Right Auricle Pulmonary Trunk Inferior Vena Cava Aortic Arch Left Pulmonary Veins Left Auricle Anterior Interventricular Sulcus

Structures Visible on The Posterior Surface: Aorta Pulmonary Veins Coronary Sinus Superior Vena Cava Pulmonary Arteries Inferior Vena Cava Posterior Interventricular Sulcus

The Heart Has Four Chambers: Interatrial Septum: lies between the atria Interventricular Septum: lies between the ventricles

Internal Structures of the Heart Pectinate Muscle Fossa Ovalis Tricuspid Valve Chordae Tendineae Papillary Muscles Bicuspid Valve Semilunar Valves Trabeculae Carneae Interventricular Septum

These two Structures of the Adult Heart Are Remnants of Fetal Circulation: Ligamentum Arteriosum Fossa Ovalis

The heart receives its own branch of systemic circulation – there vessels collectively are called coronary circulation Arteries Veins

A Sectioned Preserved Human Heart: Interatrial septum Right atrium Left atrium Interventricular septum’ Right ventricle Left ventricle 9. Pulmonary trunk Frontal Section: anterior view of posterior section

Sheep’s Heart Dissection: note the thickness of the right ventricular and left ventricular walls Frontal section: posterior view of anterior section

Cardiac Muscle in found in the myocardium:

Muscle Tissue Location Structure Function Cardiac Muscle Location Structure Function heart wall cells (myocytes) are faintly provide pressure striated and branching for the circulation with one (or two) of blood centrally placed nuclei cells are connected by intercalated discs (gap junctions/desmosomes) Intercalated Disc Nuclei

Location Structure Function Skeletal Muscle Location Structure Function Attached to the long, thin cells (fibers) are posture, movement skeleton striated and multinucleated, stabilizes joints nuclei are in the periphery of the cell                                        nucleus