«Education for democratic citizenship» means education, training, awareness raising, information, practices and activities which aim, by equipping learners with knowledge, skills and understanding and developing their attitutdes and behaviour, to empower them to exercise and defend their democratic rights and responsibilities in society, to value diversity and to play an active part in democratic life, with a view to the promotion and protection of democracy and the rule of law. «Human rights education» means education, training, awareness raising, information, practices and activities which aim, by equipping learners with knowledge, skills and understanding and developing their attitudes and behaviour, to empower learners to contribute to the building and defence of a universal culture of human rights in society, with a view to the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms.

NORWAY / TEACHERS Courses for history and civics teachers in Norway Foundings: 120 teachers: 40% think it’s difficult to teach human rigths Few options for teachers for upgrade knowledge level and teaching skills Teachers engaged and keen to learn active ped methods. Need for methodology National conference on HRE in 2014: many year discussion about the creation of Forum of HReducationists, but still there

NORWAY / TEACHERS PhD study Knut Vesterdal 2015 Analysis of textbooks: focus on violations of HR; larger focus on situation in other countries More focus on respect and tolerance, on horisontal interpersonal relations (not state obligations vs individual rights relation) Look on pedagogical education in general: human rights perspective included (new standard for pedagogical edu)

NORWAY/ PUPILS High schools Freedom of speech Culture = identity Prohibition of discrimination International mechanisms/ institutions for protection of human rights

NORWAY/ REFUGEE YOUTH Course: Human rights and intercultural understanding, integration perspective, 5 days Background: Right to education –yes, but «parallell communities» in schools/local societies World Forum for Democracy, CoE, Strasbourg, November 2016

NORWAY/ REFUGEE YOUTH Course: Introduction to human rights, 2 days Transit refugee camp Minimum activities (sport, library, but varies a lot) Hungry for knowlegde and meaningful everday, not waste energy and time Need for empowerement and to be seen and heard

RUSSIA/ TEACHERS One year programme (3 week courses and distant lerarning) in 7 regions Cooperation with regional competence centres for teachers, Human Rights Ombudsmenn, NGOs Focus on vertical relation state vs individ. Challenging political and societal context, but still Europe Participative methodology Bilde fra kurs & Strasbourg Husk UN Declaration on HRE and Training (2011)

RUSSIA/ Journalism students One week courses in Russia (part of curricula) and 3-4 days course in Norway Cooperation with the Russian Universities (Kaliningrad, St Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod) and Journalism schools in Norway (Volda, Oslo) Focus on human rights, multicultural understanding (power of naming), role of journalists in a democratic society, journalist ethics (comparative approach), laws on access to information