Louis Wirth—1930s—defined a city as a permanent settlement that has three characteristics that make living in a city different from living in rural areas. 1. LARGE size everyone in rural areas knows everyone else in a city, residents know relatively few

2. High density people have highly specialized jobs, which allows many people to live in one place competition for space causes some groups to be dominant and to dominate others

3. Social heterogeneity Diversity in large cities allow more anonymity Downside is that people may be more lonely and isolated

Ancient city was the organizational focus of the state. Agriculture had to be planned & controlled Govt. collected taxes & built walls for fortification

Ancient cities built along rivers near productive farmland Sites chosen for defensibility as well as along trade routes

First cities about 3000 B.C.E. in Southwest Asia The rise of the earliest states coincides with the rise of the earliest cities. 2000-4000 B.C.E is the formative era for development of both urbanization and states

Function of ancient cities Centers of power religion economy education

During Medieval times, mercantile cities (trade became central to city design) developed along trade routes

The Industrial Revolution created the manufacturing city. Belfast

megacities Tokyo, Mexico City, Seoul, New York, São Paulo, Mumbai, Delhi, Shanghai, Los Angeles, Osaka

Land Use Patterns Residential-Housing (houses, apartments, condos, townhouses) Industrial – Areas reserved for manufacturing Commercial-Private business and buying and selling of retail products Suburbs-areas around central city; housing, people commute into the city for work (touch the city) Exurbs- areas outside the city with open land between CBD-Central Business District; expensive real estate

Concentric Zone Model (E.W. Burgess, 1923)

Homer Hoyt’s (1939) Sector Model

Chauncy Harris & E.L. Ullman (1945) Multiple Nuclei Model

Infrastructure: Technical structures that support a society Facilitates the production of goods and services, and also the distribution of finished products to markets Facilitates basic social services such as schools and hospitals

Infrastructure includes: Transport infrastructure Road and highway networks, Electrical systems (street lighting and traffic lights) Mass transit systems (Commuter rail systems, subways, tramways, trolleys, City Bicycle Sharing system, City Car Sharing system and bus transportation) Communication networks Airports Bicycle paths and pedestrian walkways Water Management ; sewage management Social Infrastructure Health infrastructure Government infrastructure Economic infrastructure Cultural infrastructure Educational infrastructure Security Infrastructure Police and Fire stations

What else would you need in a city? Brainstorm with your team

How would you promote Sustainability in your city?

Sustainable Ability to be maintained Environmental: Natural resource use Energy Efficiency Limit pollution and waste Social: Standard of Living Promote Education, Health Sense of Community Equity

Sustainable Energy?

Innovations in Water Use?