Introduction to Phylum Arthropoda Dr. Vera Krischik, Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota

Phylum Arthropoda Segmented body. Paired segmented appendages. Bilateral symmetry. Chitinous exoskeleton. Tubular alimentary canal with mouth and anus. Open circulatory system, a tubular dorsal blood vessel. Body cavity or coelom. Nervous system of anterior ganglia and paired nerve cords. Striated muscles in skeletal system. Respiration by gills, tracheae, or spiracle.

Sod Webworm Moth, Crambus sp. Phylum Arthropoda Insects Arachnids (spiders, ticks, mites, etc.) Crustaceans Millipedes Centipedes Cottonwood Leaf Beetle, Chrysomela scripta CUES, http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/IPM-turf/sodwebworms.htm Sod Webworm Moth, Crambus sp.

Class Crustacea: Crabs, lobsters, sowbugs Two main body sections. Five to seven pairs of legs. Two pairs of antennae. Simple eyes. O.F.A.H. http://www.invadingspecies.com/ Crayfish

Class Crustacea: Crabs, lobsters, sowbugs Pillbugs

Class Chilopoda: Centipedes One pair of legs per body segment. Flattened body. First pair of legs modified as venomous fangs. Nocturnal predators. Few are dangerous to humans. Garden Centipede, Lithobius forficatus Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Class Chilopoda: Centipedes Georgia Forestry Commission Archives Georgia Forestry Commission www.forestryimages.org Fangs of Scolopendrid Centipede (above) House Centipede, Scutigera coleoptrata (right) Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Class Diplopoda: Millipedes Two pairs of legs per body segment. Cylindrical body. Feed on decaying plant material. Nocturnal. Harmless. Emily G. Tenczar Pet African Giant Millipedes

Class Diplopoda: Millipedes Photos by William Leonard, Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html

Class Arachnida: Spiders, ticks, mites, harvestman, scorpions, etc. Yellow Garden Spider

Yellow Garden Spider, Argiope aurantia Class Arachnida Ronald F. Billings Texas Forest Service www.forestryimages.org Mouthparts are called chelicerae. Most contain venom. Antennae are absent. Four pairs of legs. Book lungs for respiration. Blacklegged Tick, Ixodes scapularis Yellow Garden Spider, Argiope aurantia Scott Bauer, USDA Agricultural Research Service, www.insectimages.org

Class Arachnida: Order Araneae: Spiders Two body regions (cephalothorax, abdomen). Fangs (chelicerae), most are venomous. Most are not dangerous. Most make webs. Most have poor eyesight; hairs compensate for it (jumping spiders are an exception). Potentially dangerous spiders (bites are uncommon): Brown recluse spider, Black widow spider David Cappaert, www.insectimages.org Jumping Spider, Phidippus audax

Class Arachnida: Order Araneae: Spiders David Keith, Department of Entomology University of Nebraska-Lincoln Crab Spider, Misumenoides formosipes Wolf Spider, Lycosa carolinensis James O. Howell, The University of Georgia, www.forestryimages.org

Class Arachnida: Order Opiliones: Harvestman (Daddy Longlegs) One apparent body region. Abdomen and cephalothorax short. Common and harmless. Nocturnal. Feed on detritus, fruit, or other animals. Leiobunum sp. Joseph Berger, www.insectimages.org

Class Arachnida: Order Scorpiones: Scorpions Long tail with sting. Pedipalps are modified as pinchers. Most scorpion stings are no worse than bee stings; only a minority of species are potentially dangerous. Nocturnal. Common in warm climates. Feed on other animals. E. Tenczar Striped Bark Scorpion, Centruroides vittatus, gravid female from Texas

Class Arachnida: Order Scorpiones: Scorpions E. Tenczar E. Tenczar Emperor Scorpion, Pandinus imperator, female eating cockroach, native to West Africa Northern Desert Hairy Scorpion, Hadrurus spadix, native to US

Class Arachnida: Order Scorpiones: Scorpions E. Tenczar Arizona Bark Scorpion, Centruroides exilicauda, mating

Class Arachnida: Order Scorpiones: Scorpions E. Tenczar E. Tenczar Flat Rock Scorpion, Hadogenes troglodytes, female, native to South Africa Lined Devil Scorpion, Vaejovis spinigerus, female from Arizona with young

Class Arachnida: Order Scorpiones: Scorpions E. Tenczar Slenderbrown Bark Scorpion, Centruroides gracilis, male from Central America E. Tenczar Pandinus imperator; scorpions glow under UV/ black light

Class Arachnida: Order Scorpiones: Scorpions E. Tenczar E. Tenczar Black Thick-Tailed Scorpion, Parabuthus transvaalicus, a highly venomous species native to South Africa

Class Arachnida: Order Acari: Ticks Ticks have two body regions. Young have six legs, adults have eight. There are hard and soft-bodied ticks. Ticks are much larger than mites, some females as large as a nickel. Jim Occi, BugPics, www.insectimages.org Blacklegged Tick, Ixodes scapularis

Class Arachnida: Order Acari: Chiggers Attach to skin using two claws. Two blade-like beaks enter the skin. Injected fluid dissolves skin tissue around beaks, but hardens surrounding tissue so that a stylostome, or tube is formed. Chigger sucks up liquid through stylostome. Tube remains after chigger leaves, causing itching. Chigger Bites on Human

Class Arachnida: Order Acari: Mites Mites have only one noticeable body region. Many are microscopic or close to it.

Mites Egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph, adult. Four pair legs; three pairs on larvae. Two body segments: head, thorax. Chelicerae: fangs like spiders. Suck cells. Cause chlorosis; yellowing of foliage. Transmit disease. Diagnostics: chlorosis, webbing, rusetting, galls.

Mites Female: round abdomen Male: pointed abdomen Larva 3 pairs of legs

Mite Life Cycles

Warm/Cool Season Mites Warm season Twospotted spider mite European red mite Bulb mite Gall, rust mite Cyclamen mite Cool season Spruce spider mite Clover mite Jack Kelly Clark, University of California http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/T/I-AC-TSPP-AD.022.html Twospotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae

Mites in the Greenhouse Family Tetranychidae: Twospotted spider mite Lewis mite Family Tarsonemidae: Cyclamen mite Broad mite Family Acaridae: Bulb mite Family Eriophyidae: Gall, rust mite CUES http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/inter/inmine/Mitesc.html Cyclamen Mite

CUES, http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/inter/inmine/Mitesc.html Mites in the Landscape Family Eriophyidae: gall or vagrant mites Family Tetranychidae: spider mites Family Tarsonemidae: cyclamen/broad mites Family Phytoseiidae: predatory mites Family Acaridae: bulb mite Family Oribatidae: soil mites Broad Mite CUES, http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/inter/inmine/Mitesc.html

Family Phytoseiidae: Predatory mites Phytoseiulus persimilis

Family Tetranychidae: Spider mites Clover Mite, Bryobia praetiosa Found in turf. Long front legs. Make webbing in fall.

Epiclass Hexapoda: Insects, springtails, diplurans, proturans Three distinct body regions: head, thorax, abdomen. One pair antenna. One pair of mandibles. One pair of maxillae. Three pairs of legs on thorax. Tracheal respiratory system- composed of tubes with holes (spiracles) through the body that admit air. Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica

Class Entognatha: Order Diplura: Diplurans David R. Maddison, Tree of Life Web Project http://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html Class Entognatha: Order Diplura: Diplurans Ametabolous: simple metamorphosis. Two caudal filaments. Compound eyes. Antennae. Wingless adults. Difference between nymphs and adults is size. Feed on decomposing materials.

Class Entognatha: Order Collembola: Springtails Ametabolous: simple metamorphosis. Furcula or fork-like springing structures. Simple eyes. Antennae. Wingless adults. Difference between nymphs and adults is size. Feed on decomposing materials. David R. Maddison, Tree of Life Web Project http://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html

Class Entognatha: Order Protura: Proturans Ametabolous: simple metamorphosis. No eyes. No antennae. Very small. Wingless. Difference between nymphs and adults is size. Feed on decomposing materials. David R. Maddison, Tree of Life Web Project http://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html

Class Insecta: Insects Protruding mouthparts, unlike non-insect hexapods. Ametabolous, hemimetabolous, parametabolus, or holometabolous. Most have wings. David Cappaert, www.insectimages.org Milkweed Leaf Beetle, Labidomera clivicollis

Class Insecta: Order Thysanura: Silverfish Ametabolous: simple metamorphosis. Three tail-like appendages. Body flattened and covered with scales. Wingless adults. Difference between nymphs and adults is size. Found in wet places. Lepisma saccharina Clemson University - USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series www.insectimages.org

Class Insecta: Pterygota: Winged Insects Most adult forms have wings. Hemimetabolous, parametabolus, or holometabolous. Lacy L. Hyche Auburn University www.insectimages.org Polyphemus Moth, Antheraea polyphemus

Class Insecta: Order Ephemeroptera: Mayflies Tree of Life Web Project http://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html Class Insecta: Order Ephemeroptera: Mayflies Hemimetabolous metamorphosis: simple, incomplete. Winged adults live for a day. Wings at rest held over body. 2-3 caudal filaments. Nymphs and adults in different habitat. Nymphs and adults different in appearance. Aquatic nymphs with gills. Indicate good water quality.

Class Insecta: Order Odonata: Dragonflies and damselflies Hemimetabolous metamorphosis: simple, incomplete. Toothed mandibles (chewing mouthparts). Winged adults. Nymphs and adults different in appearance. Aquatic nymphs with gills. Indicate good water quality. David Cappaert, www.insectimages.org Damselfly

Class Insecta: Pterygota, Neoptera These insects can fold their wings back over the body. Hemimetabolous, parametabolus, or holometabolous. Green Stink Bug, Acrosternum hilare David Cappaert, www.insectimages.org

Class Insecta: Order Plecoptera: Stoneflies Hemimetabolous metamorphosis: simple, incomplete. Folded wings. Winged adults. Chewing mouthparts. Aquatic, gilled nymphs. Triznaka signata adult (top), Perlesta decipiens nymph (bottom) C. Riley Nelson Tree of Life Web Project http://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html

Class Insecta: Pterygota, Neoptera: Paurometabolous/ gradual Metamorphosis Walkingsticks Grasshoppers and crickets Mantids Cockroaches Termites Earwigs Stoneflies Lice True Bugs Cicadas, hoppers and aphids Thrips

Class Insecta: Order Phasmatodea: Walkingsticks Paurametabolous metamorphosis: gradual. Winged adults. Chewing mouthparts. Nymphs and adults in same habitat. Nymphs and adults similar in appearance. Herbert A. "Joe" Pase III, Texas Forest Service, www.insectimages.org Anisomorpha sp.

Class Insecta: Order Orthoptera: Grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets Paurametabolous metamorphosis: gradual. Straight wings. Winged adults. Chewing mouthparts. Nymphs and adults in same habitat. Nymphs and adults similar in appearance. Redlegged Grasshopper, Melanoplus femurrubrum Russ Ottens, The University of Georgia www.insectimages.org

Class Insecta: Order Mantodea: Mantids Clemson University http://entweb.clemson.edu/cuentres/cesheets/benefici/ce178.htm Paurametabolous metamorphosis: gradual. Winged adults. Chewing mouthparts. Nymphs and adults in same habitat. Nymphs and adults similar in appearance. Praying Mantis

Class Insecta: Order Blattaria: Cockroaches Paurametabolous metamorphosis: gradual. Winged adults. Chewing mouthparts. Nymphs and adults in same habitat. Nymphs and adults similar in appearance. Clemson University - USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series www.insectimages.org American Cockroach, Periplaneta americana

Class Insecta: Order Isoptera: Termites Paurametabolous metamorphosis: gradual. Equal wings. Winged adults. Chewing mouthparts. Nymphs and adults in same habitat. Nymphs and adults similar in appearance. Gerald J. Lenhard, www.insectimages.org Formosan Subterranean Termite, Coptotermes formosanus

Class Insecta: Order Dermaptera: Earwigs Paurametabolous metamorphosis: gradual. Skin-like front wings. Winged adults. Chewing mouthparts. Nymphs and adults in same habitat. Nymphs and adults similar in appearance. Striped Earwig, Labidura riparia Joseph Berger, www.insectimages.org

Class Insecta: Order Phthiraptera (Mallophaga and Anoplura): Lice Paurametabolous metamorphosis: gradual. Wingless adults. Chewing or sucking mouthparts. Nymphs and adults in same habitat. Nymphs and adults similar in appearance. Sucking Louse, Haematopinus eurysternus Iowa State University''s Entomology Image Gallery

Class Insecta: Order Hemiptera: Suborder Heteroptera: True bugs Suborder Sternorrhyncha: Aphids, whiteflies, scales Suborder Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadas, hoppers Paurametabolous metamorphosis: gradual. Usually winged adults. Sucking mouthparts. Nymphs and adults in same habitat. Nymphs and adults similar in appearance. Sternorrhyncha and Auchenorrhyncha used to be classified in Order Homoptera.

Class Insecta: Order Hemiptera: Suborder Heteroptera: True bugs Most bugs feed on plants. Some are predaceous. CUES, http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/dx/vk/fourbug.htm CUES http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/dx/vk/whitemark.htm Predaceous Stink Bug attacking caterpillar Fourlined Plant Bug, Poecilocapsus lineatus

Tuliptree Scale, Toumeyella liriodendri: Linden, walnut Order Hemiptera: Suborder Sternorrhyncha Soft Scale (formerly in Order Homoptera) Gerald J. Lenhard, www.insectimages.org Summer Male Summer Female and Crawlers Tuliptree Scale, Toumeyella liriodendri: Linden, walnut

Euonymus Scale, Unaspis euonymi Order Hemiptera: Suborder Sternorrhyncha Armored Scale (formerly in Order Homoptera) Clemson University - USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series, www.insectimages.org Euonymus Scale, Unaspis euonymi

Order Hemiptera: Suborder Auchenorhyncha Cicadas, hoppers (formerly Order Homoptera) Spittlebug Leafhopper

Class Insecta: Order Thysanoptera: Thrips Alton N. Sparks, Jr., The University of Georgia, www.insectimages.org Paurametabolous metamorphosis: gradual. Fringe-winged. Winged adults. Nymphs and adults in same habitat. Nymphs and adults similar in appearance. Onion Thrips, Thrips tabaci

Class Insecta: Pterygota, Neoptera, Endopterygota: Holometabolous/ complete metamorphosis Lacewings Beetles Scorpionflies Fleas Flies Caddisflies Moths and butterflies Sawflies, wasps, and bees Herbert A. "Joe" Pase III, Texas Forest Service, www.insectimages.org Forest Tent Caterpillars, Malacosoma disstria

Class Insecta: Order Neuroptera: Lacewings, antlions, owlflies Bradley Higbee, Paramount Farming, www.insectimages.org Green Lacewing, Chrysoperla sp., Adult (left) and Larva (right)

Class Insecta: Order Neuroptera: Lacewings, antlions, owlflies Holometabolous metamorphosis: complete. Nerve-winged. Winged adults. Chewing mouthparts. Larvae and adults sometimes in same habitat. Some larvae are aquatic. Larvae and adults not similar in appearance.

Class Insecta: Order Coleoptera: Beetles Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica, Adult (left) and Scarab Larva (below)

Class Insecta: Order Coleoptera: Beetles Holometabolous metamorphosis: complete. Hardened forewings (elytra). Winged adults. Chewing mouthparts. Larvae and adults in same habitat. Larvae and adults not similar in appearance.

Class Insecta: Order Mecoptera: Scorpionflies University of Minnesota http://www.entomology.umn.edu Holometabolous metamorphosis: complete. Long wings. Winged adults. Larvae and pupae sometimes found in soil. Larvae and adults not similar in appearance.

Class Insecta: Order Siphonoptera: Fleas David R. Maddison, Tree of Life Web Project http://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html Holometabolous metamorphosis: complete. Wingless adults. Sucking mouthparts. Larvae and adults not similar in appearance. Often pests of mammals. Oriental Rat Flea, Xenopsylla cheopis

Class Insecta: Order Diptera: Flies Michigan State University http://www.msue.msu.edu/vanburen/fappmag.htm Fly Larva (maggot) Tachinid Fly Adult

Class Insecta: Order Diptera: Flies Holometabolous metamorphosis: complete. Winged adults. 2nd pair of wings are halteres. Larvae and adults often in same habitat. Larvae and adults not similar in appearance. Some spread diseases to humans and livestock. Some are parasitoids.

Class Insecta: Order Trichoptera: Caddisflies Holometabolous metamorphosis: complete. Winged adults. Aquatic larvae construct and live in tubes. Larvae and adults not similar in appearance. Indicators of water quality. David Funk Tree of Life http://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html James C. Hodges, Jr. Caddisfly Adult (top) and Larvae (bottom)

Class Insecta: Order Lepidoptera: Moths and butterflies Cankerworm Larvae (right) and Adult (below) CUES http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/dx/vk/canker.htm

Class Insecta: Order Lepidoptera: Moths and butterflies Holometabolous metamorphosis: complete. Winged adults. Larvae and adults not similar in appearance. Most larvae feed on plant tissue. Many moths are pests; most butterflies are not.

Class Insecta: Order Hymenoptera: Sawflies, wasps, bees, ants John H. Ghent USDA Forest Service www.forestryimages.org CUES, http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/dx/sk/pine11.htm Introduced Pine Sawfly, Diprion similis, Adults (left) and Larva (right)

Class Insecta: Order Hymenoptera: Sawflies, wasps, bees, ants Holometabolous metamorphosis: complete. Membranous wings. Winged adults. Larvae and adults not similar in appearance. Sawflies are phytophagous. Some wasps are parasitoids. Many wasps, bees, and all ants are social.