Topic #1 THE STUDY OF IMMUNITY Prof. Iu.V. Nesvizhski

What is Immunity? It is a faculty of a host to defend from genetically alien agent of either endogenous or exogenous origin for maintaining the host’s structural and functional integrity and reproduction of species

Immunity is investigated by Immunology General and Applied Immunology

Brief history of Immunology E. Jenner (1798) –first publicated data on vaccination against smallpox L. Pasteur (1881) – main principles of modern Immunology, Vaccine I.I. Metchnikov (1883) – Cell-mediated Immunity theory P. Erlisch (1885) – Humoral Immunity theory H. Buchner (1889) – Complement E. Boering in coop. with S.Kitasato (1890) – Antitoxic Antiserum A. Bezredka (1919) – Local immunity theory, prevention of serum therapy complications P. Medavar and M. Hašek (1953) – Immune Tolerance phenomenon A. Isaacs and J. Lindenmann (1957) – Interferon

General Immunology includes Immune Chemistry (S. Arrenius) Molecular Immunology (P. Erlicsh) Cell Immunology (I.I. Metchnikov) Immune Genetics (R.V. Petrov) Immune Physiology (P.F. Zdrodovsky) Evolutionary Immunology (D. Cuper)

Applied Immunology includes Immune Prophylaxis (L. Pasteur) Immune Oncology (L.A. Zilber) Immune Pathology Immune Pharmacology Immune Haematology Allergology Transplantology Immunology of Reproduction

Modern achievements of Immunology Decoding Antigen and Antibody structure Understanding the mechanisms of immune recognition and reaction Preparation of recombinant vaccines and Monoclonal Antibodies Successful tissue and organ transplantation

Types of Immunity Congenital (natural) Acquired

Congenital Immunity Is Species-associated Non-specific Hereditary

Acquired Immunity Is Specific Non-hereditary The results from a contact with the Antigen during one’s lifetime

Immunity Is Classified by Target Aetiology Localisation Mechanism of action

Classification of Immunity by the Target Antibacterial Antiviral Antitoxin Antifungal Antitumour Antitransplant

Classification of Immunity by the Aetiology Sterile and Nonsterile Sterile Immunity (implies complete elimination of Antigen from the host body) Nonsterile Immunity (the Antigen persists in the host body)

Classification of Immunity by Localisation Local and General Local Immunity is Immunity of the skin and mucosa; A.Besredka (1919) was the first to describe it General Immunity is Immunity of internal tissues and organs

Classification of Immunity by the Mechanism of Action Specific and Non-specific Specific Immunity is based on specific Immune recognition of the Antigen – “self-nonself” Non-specific Immunity does not require specific immune recognition of the Antigen (“self-nonself”)

Note! Normally during Antigen invasion, all types, mechanisms and factors of Immunity are involved in the process of host immune defence Nevertheless the role of some of them may be dominant due to the Antigen and host characteristics