The Mammoth Site of Hot Springs, SD

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Presentation transcript:

The Mammoth Site of Hot Springs, SD THE MAPPING OF A LONG-TERM EXCAVATION SITE Agenbroad Esker W.J. ‘Drop Bear’ Wilkins 10:51:11 AM

The Good Old Days: String Grids Strengths: Accurate Low-tech Weaknesses: Datums not fixed Limited database No automated analysis Artistic skills needed 10:51:11 AM

Early Computer Mapping Prior state of the art Nikon™ C-100 total station: Restricted bonebed placement Easily misused AutoCad AutoDesk™ 12: Not intended for cartography ‘Angry amoeba and bacillus’ syndrome 10:51:11 AM

GIS and Computer Mapping Today Trimble™ 5600 Robotic total station: Easy to use. Can be placed anywhere. One-person operation. ArcGIS™ 9.3.3: Designed for cartography. Allows for analysis. More accurate. New and Old Overlay New and Old Overlay 10:51:11 AM

How-To: Photography Check for field number. Place ≥ 4 anchor points. Level camera. Bigger bones can be a problem. Photograph with CraneCam. (Provided for scale) 10:51:11 AM

How-To: Equipment Set-Up Place the tripod. Activate the handheld computer and rod. Level and activate transit. 10:51:11 AM

How-To: The Back-Sites Bonebed Back-Sites: Five positions with known 3 axis coordinates. Nikon™ had to be placed on one of the back sites. Trimble™ can be placed anywhere. 10:51:11 AM

How To: Shooting the Points Shoot in each anchor point, going clockwise from the north. 10:51:11 AM

How-To: Clean-Up Do everything you just did in reverse 10:51:11 AM

How To: Data Conversion Download the pictures from the camera Correct the picture format Download the GIS data from the handheld and reformat it 10:51:11 AM

Digitization: Continued 10:51:11 AM

The Finished Product: As of April, 2010: 1,091 bones. 5 coprolites. 297 fragments. 10:51:11 AM

Humpty-Dumpty 86HS036 Winnie Napoleon and Beauty Murray Antoinette 10:51:11 AM

What About the Older Bones? Why early discoveries are problematic: Bones may have been removed from bonebed Old pictures with anchor points unlikely Procedure for mapping bones no longer in the bonebed: Find paper map Use old string grid control points as anchor points Trace bone rendering from paper map Add old notebook data to database Double check work Use new photographs to enhance accuracy 10:51:11 AM

Into the 3rd Dimension Current Map Elevation Data: LIDAR Facilitates limited 3-D analysis Permits some spatial manipulation Shows elevation of anchor points, not bone surfaces Treats bones as flat objects on planes defined by the anchor points LIDAR True 3-D Sub-millimeter accuracy $$$$ 10:51:11 AM

Photosynth™ Photogrammetry program by Microsoft™ and the University of Washington Simple requirements: Good digital camera Fast computer Internet connection Free software 10:51:11 AM

Murray Antoinette 10:51:11 AM

How To: ‘Synth’ Take many high-res photos from many angles. 30-40 pictures minimum. 600-800 pictures maximum. Load pictures into Photosynth™ to generate point cloud. 10:51:11 AM

How To: Catch a Cloud Load synth on Photosynth™ website. Activate Wireshark™ packet analyzer. Download each .bin file to your computer. Use a Python™ script to convert .bin files to .csv files. Merge the .csv files and convert them to single large .txt file. 10:51:11 AM

How To: Make a Mesh of Things Load .txt file into Trimble’s RealWorks Viewer™ and export as a .dxf file. Load .dxf file with AccuTrans 3D™ and export as a .ply file. Load the .ply file with MeshLab™, and use pivot-ball reconstruction to generate the mesh. Whew! 10:51:11 AM

10:51:11 AM

Results Cons: Pros: Time consuming. Lower resolution than LIDAR. Lower accuracy than LIDAR. Pros: Cheap. Low distortion (≈2.5% at 250 14.7 mp photos) Allows for ‘ghost mapping.’ 10:51:11 AM

In the Future: Recover the Past Mammoth Site Work began B.D.C. (Before Digital Cameras) Numerous chemical photos and movies, and videos recorded early excavation. Most important bones remain in-situ Photosynth requirements Many photos Reference points 10:51:11 AM

Acknowledgments ‘Binary Millennium’ and the other anonymous gurus of the ‘net Ferber Engineering Frontier Precision Institute of Information Science and Technologies of Pisa, Italy MicroMouse Productions Microsoft & University of Washington David Gedye Python Project Rosalie Symington Trimble Wireshark Gerald Combs 10:51:11 AM