Hi, Mehar!

Test Cross Done to determine the genotype of a phenotypically dominant individual (TT or Tt): Cross individual with a homozygous recessive individual T t T t

P = Probability # of times an event occurs The total number of possible outcomes Ex/ flipping a coin: ½ heads The larger the # of trials, the closer to the expected results Previous events have no effect on future outcomes

Mendel’s Laws Law of Segregation Parental genes are randomly separated to the sex cells so that sex cells contain only one gene of the pair. Offspring therefore inherit one genetic allele from each parent when sex cells unite in fertilization.

Not everyone with blonde hair will also inherit blue eyes! Mendel’s Laws Law of Independent Assortment Genes for different traits are sorted separately from one another so that the inheritance of one trait is not dependent on the inheritance of another Not everyone with blonde hair will also inherit blue eyes!

Mendel’s Laws Law of Dominance (complete dominance) An organism with alternate forms of a gene will express the form that is dominant.

Incomplete Dominance One allele is not completely dominant over the other The heterozygous phenotype is somewhere in between the two homozygous phenotypes (blend)

Codominance Both alleles contribute to the phenotype “co-captains” 2 different alleles are dominant Blood Types are an example A- dominant (IA) B- dominant (IB) O- recessive(i)

Human Blood Groups Type Genotype Phenotype IAIA , IAi A “A” Antigens RBC Plasma IAIA , IAi A “A” Antigens (AA) , (AO) IBIB , IBi B “B” Antigens (BB) , (BO) ii O No Antigens (OO) IAIB Both “A” & “B” Antigens AB (AB) Universal Donor: O Universal Acceptor: AB isohaemaglutinogen

Rh Factor??

Approximate distribution of blood groups and types in the U. S Approximate distribution of blood groups and types in the U.S. population Blood Type Rh POSTIVE Rh NEGATIVE total O 38% 7% 45% A 34% 6% 40% B 9% 2% 11% AB 3% 1% 4% TOTAL 84% 16% 100%