Anatomy & Physiology II Unit Nine

Male Reproductive System The functions of the male reproductive system are: - to produce the male gamete (sperm) - to deliver the sperm to the female reproductive system

Male Reproductive System Urinary bladder Male Reproductive System Vas deferens Penis Seminal vesicle Prostate gland Urethra Bulbourethral gland Epididymis Testis Scrotum

Male Reproductive System Urinary bladder Male Reproductive System Seminal vesicle Vas deferens Prostate gland Bulbourethral gland Epididymis Urethra Testis

Female Reproductive System The functions of the female reproductive system are: ~ to produce the female gamete (ova) ~ to provide a suitable environment for the growth and development of offspring

Female Reproductive System Uterine tube Ovary Fimbrae Uterus Myometrium Cervix Endometrium Vagina

Gamete Formation Remember: + mitosis occurs in all body cells + functions of mitosis are growth, repair & replacement + mitosis begins with a diploid cell and results in two identical diploid daughter cells

Gamete Formation 2n 2n 2n

Gamete Formation Remember: + meiosis occurs only in sex cells of the gonads + function of meiosis is gamete production + meiosis begins with a diploid sex cell and results in four nonidentical haploid gametes

Gamete Formation 2n n n n n

Gamete Formation The haploid gametes fuse in fertilization, producing a diploid zygote This process combines genes from both parents, producing genetic diversity and variation

Gamete Formation Spermatogenesis is the meiotic division that takes place in the seminiferous tubules of testes This process, as well as the production of testosterone, is controlled hormonally

Gamete Formation

Secondary spermatocyte Gamete Formation Sperm Spermatids Secondary spermatocyte Primary spermatocyte Spermatogonium

Gamete Formation

The Ovarian Cycle Remember - one of the functions of the female reproductive system is to provide a suitable environment for the development of offspring The purpose of the menstrual cycle is to carry out this function

The Ovarian Cycle

The Ovarian Cycle

The Ovarian Cycle

Fertilization and Development

Fertilization and Development

Fertilization and Development

Fertilization and Development

Abnormal Fetal Development Abnormal fetal development can have several causes that fall into the following categories: ~ pathogens – disease causing agents ~ chemicals ~ radiation ~ physical

Abnormal Fetal Development Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) ~ gonorrhea ~ chlamydia ~ syphilis ~ genital herpes

Abnormal Fetal Development Gonorrhea ~ caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae ~ symptomatic in males, but can be found in females ~ in females it can lead to PID and sterility ~ can infect infant during vaginal birth ~ treatment with antibiotics

Abnormal Fetal Development Chlamydia ~ caused by Chlamydia trachomatis ~ symptoms similar to those of gonorrhea ~ most common STI in the US ~ treatment with antibiotics

Abnormal Fetal Development Syphilis ~ caused by Treponema pallidum ~ occurs in three progressively worsening stages (primary, secondary & tertiary) ~ infected fetuses are usually stillborn or die soon after birth ~ treatment with antibiotics

Abnormal Fetal Development Genital herpes ~ caused by a virus ~ symptomatically a nuisance in adults ~ infected fetuses can have severe malformations ~ treatment - none

Abnormal Fetal Development Chemicals, including drugs can cause severe deformations in the embryo or fetus Exposure occurring early in development may lead to spontaneous abortion, varying levels of mental incapacitation, physical malformations and addiction

Abnormal Fetal Development Chemicals can also alter the genome, affecting development Radiation can cause the same problems as chemicals

Abnormal Fetal Development Ectopic pregnancy ~ implantation occurs outside the uterus ~ most common site is the uterine tubes ~ usually spontaneous abort ~ some will develop long enough to cause serious hemorrhaging or rupture