Translation – Protein Synthesis

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Presentation transcript:

Translation – Protein Synthesis Transcription Review Codons Ribosomes tRNA Start and Stop Codons Protein synthesis

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How does the DNA make proteins?

DNA  Proteins It is a two step process: 1) Transcription - is the mechanism by which the information encoded in DNA is transcribed into a complementary RNA copy. Transcription occurs in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. 2) Translation is the assembly of amino acids into a polypeptide using the information encoded in the mRNA.

Transcription Review Step 1: Initiation RNA polymerase attaches to DNA in the nucleus The binding occurs at a promoter: a specialized sequence on one strand of DNA, located just upstream from the start of the gene.

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Step 3: Termination When RNA polymerase reaches the termination site, copying stops RNA polymerase leaves the DNA. RNA strand is released. DNA rewinds itself into the double helix.

From RNA to proteins ______________ Translation From RNA to proteins ______________

Codons & The Genetic Code How does the mRNA code for proteins? ________________

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Transfer RNA - ___________ MEANWHILE, also out in the cytoplasm… Transfer RNA - ___________

Ribosomes are also out in the cytoplasm… Ribosomes have 2 subunits. The mRNA attaches to the small subunit and the large one joins the fun! Ribosomes are where protein synthesis occurs!

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_________________ The first and second a.a. form a peptide bond via peptidyl transferase The first tRNA releases the chain and moves to the E site (not shown here) It then leaves to go get another amino acid making room for another tRNA to land…the chain grows.

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TIME TO STOP When a “stop” codon (UAG,UGA,UAA) reaches the A site, there is no anticodon for it, so the ribosome falls apart releasing the new protein chain

It’s a continuous process… ________________

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The Big Picture… Image has been removed