Colonial Era

Colonial Era Malaysia was once a colonized land It also classified as one of the Commonwealth countries- that is a former British colony Malaysia was subjugated by other powers for approximately 446 years ( from 1511 until 1957) The Portuguese, Dutch, British, Japanese & even Siamese had colonized Malaya before.

Colonial Era Cont’d.. But only the British and Japanese succeeded in colonizing almost the whole country & left the impact on the people.

Colonists & The Features Of Dominations Duration Notes Portuguese 1511- 1641 (130 years) Mainly in Malacca Was opposed by the Malays of Malacca with the aid of Acheh Did not leave behind many traces, except in the areas of language (borrowed word) and dance Dutch 1641- 1824 (183 years) Did not leave many traces, focus on colonizing Indonesia Was opposed by the Malays who frequently received help from the Bugis British 1824- 1942 1945-1957 Colonized the whole Peninsular Malaysia, two phases Left behind significant influence on the way of life of the people (political, economic & social) Was strongly opposed by the country’s population

Colonists & The Features Of Dominations Duration Notes Siamese 1821- 1909 (88 years) Was for a long time lord of the states in the north of the Malay Peninsular, but history dates it as having started in 1821 Stayed mainly in the northern states of the Malay Peninsular namely Perlis, Kedah & Kelantan Traces of influence very evident in the states in the north, especially in the areas of religion (Buddhist) and art Japanese 1942- 1945 (3 ½ years) Colonized the entire country Greatly influenced the life of the people, especially in terms of relations between races Was opposed by the whole country

Colonists & The Features Of Dominations (Cont’d) The factors of colonizing Malaysia are closely tied to the vast natural resources and other sources of wealth after by the colonists. Furthermore, Malay Archipelago was also a place for them to extend their political influence & Christian faith.

Portuguese Led by Alfonso de Albuquerque Took over Malacca in 1511 The main reason: To control the maritime trade in the East Spread Christianity As the achievement on opening sea way to the East

Evident from the Portuguese traces left behind Exist of Eurasian community, who are Catholic and Portuguese customs Introduction of Romanized writing, language and terminology such as palsu, almari, jendela, garpu and tuala in Malay and Malay dance The downfall of Malay Kingdom of Malacca & led to the start of Johor- Riau Malay Kingdom

Evident from the Portuguese traces left behind Exist of Eurasian community, who are Catholic and Portuguese customs Introduction of Romanized writing, language and terminology such as palsu, almari, jendela, garpu and tuala in Malay and Malay dance The downfall of Malay Kingdom of Malacca & led to the start of Johor- Riau Malay Kingdom

Chronology of Portuguese Colonization Year Event 1460 Portuguese succeed in exploring west coast of Africa 1488 Bartholomew Diaz succeed sailing to Cape Hope , Africa 1498 Vasco Da Gama sailed to Calicut, India 1503 Portuguese comes to Cochin 1509 Portuguese appoint Alfonso de Albuquerque as the Portuguese viceroy (General) at India. An expeditionary force was sent there in five ships commanded by Diego Lopez de Squeira 1510 Portuguese did conquered Goa, India and Build the Portuguese administration headquarters 1511 Portuguese attack and conquered Malacca

Dutch The Dutch defeated the Portuguese and took over Malacca in 1641 with the help from Johor The centre of Dutch activity was not in Malacca, but Batavia ( Jakarta) in the island of Jawa. They only interested in the tin ore in the Malay Peninsular However the Dutch left after an agreement with the British in 1824

Anglo- Dutch Treaty 1824 The treaty was signed on 17 March 1824 with the aim of ending all rivalry between the British and the Dutch in the East. Before this, English & the Dutch has been hostile because of trade. Besides that, Dutch not happy with the British occupation of Singapore. The hostility increases when some British people were killed in Ambon (a Dutch colony).

Anglo- Dutch Treaty 1824 The consequences of the treaty was clear; the Malay Archipelago was split into two spheres of Dutch & British influence. The Dutch handed Malacca to the British in exchanged for Bencoolen (Bangkahulu).

British Colonization The Chronology of British Colonization Year Events 1786 Penang Island founded by Francis Light 1819 Singapore was founded by Stamford Raffles 1824 The Dutch handed over Malacca to the British as a result of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty 1826 Penang Island, Malacca & Singapore were combined into one administrative unit known as the Straits Settlements. 1841 James Brooke took over Sarawak 1874 British intervention in Perak, through the Pangkor Agreement British intervention in Sungai Ujung 1878 The Brunei Sultan handed over Sabah to British

British Colonization The Chronology of British Colonization Year Events 1888 British intervention in Pahang 1896 Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan & Pahang were unite into one administrative unit known as the Federated Malay States 1909 Under the Bangkok Agreement, Siam handed over Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan & Terengganu to the British ( these are Unfederated Malay States0 1914 Johor accepted a British advisor 1945 The British Military Administration (BMA) was establish 1946 The Malayan Union established in Peninsular Malay 1948 The Federation of Malaya was established to replace the Malayan Union 1957 The Malaya achieve independence

Straits Settlements After the Treaty, British transfer of power of the Straits Settlements. It consist of Singapore, Malacca & Penang. These states were unite in 1826 & Penang was the first capital state with a Governor as head. 1832, the head was transferred to Singapore because of Singapore more develop than Penang at that time.

Straits Settlements On 1st April 1867, the administration of the straits Settlement was transferred from Calcutta India to the Colonial Office in London. This transfer of administration largely influenced the historical development of the country. The administration become more efficient, commercial agriculture , such as black pepper, gambier, nutmeg , clove & sugar cane.

Penang and Kedah The English merchants set up the British East India Company in 1600 with the intention of improving trade in the region. On 11 August 1786, Francis Light tries to take over Penang and after an agreement between Light and Sultan Abdullah; Penang Island came under the occupation of the British in order to protect Kedah from Siamese threat.

Penang and Kedah On 1 May 1791 the Union Jack was officially raised in Penang for the first time. Penang was later named Prince of Wales Island while Perai was renamed Province Wellesley.

British Intervention in Malay States , Sabah & Sarawak

In Malay States (cont’d)) But, in September 1873, Lord Kimberly, Secretary of the colonial office started the policy of the intervention in the affairs of Malay States. Before that, British only intervened Sarawak

In PERAK (1874) The British intervened with the excuse of protecting the interests of British merchants. Chaos broke out with the Larut War (the glamour for control of the tin mines) that involved the Chinese secret societies, Hai San and Ghee Hin, and the civil war (the struggle for the throne between Raja Abdullah and Raja Ismail). Sarawak

In PERAK (1874) The British intervened with the excuse of protecting the interests of British merchants. Chaos broke out with the Larut War (the glamour for control of the tin mines) that involved the Chinese secret societies, Hai San and Ghee Hin, and the civil war (the struggle for the throne between Raja Abdullah and Raja Ismail).

In PERAK (1874) Chieftains such as Ngah Ibrahim (Larut Minister) and Raja Abdullah requested for British intervention. Anxiety on the part of the British that other European power will intervene in the Malay States. The Pangkor Treaty was signed on 20th January 1874 J.W.W Birch was appointed to be the first Resident.

SABAH (1946) Part of Sabah was under the Brunei Sultanate since the 16th century Was leased to Charles Lee Moses in 1865 and subsequently sold to Baron Von Overbeck The Sulu Sultanate agreed to give up their land in Sabah to Overbeck and Dent in 1878. The North Borneo Chartered Company was established to administer Sabah. On 15th July 1946, Sabah was declared a British colony.

SARAWAK (1842) James Brooke occupied Sarawak after fulfilling his promise to Raja Muda Hashim to quell the rebels James Brooke was coronate King of Sarawak in 1842 The Sultan of Brunei agreed to sign the Agreement of 1842 to confirm James Brook as the governor of Sarawak for fear of British threat

SARAWAK (1842) James Brooke occupied Sarawak after fulfilling his promise to Raja Muda Hashim to quell the rebels James Brooke was coronate King of Sarawak in 1842 The Sultan of Brunei agreed to sign the Agreement of 1842 to confirm James Brook as the governor of Sarawak for fear of British threat

FACTORS OF BRITISH INTERVENTION 1. There was no unity among the inhabitants and this gave the British the chance and excuse to intervene by installing an advisor/Resident. 2. The presence of important economic resources such as tin ore and agricultural products (commercial agriculture) in these states. 3. There was strong competition among the western powers for colonies to meet the economic needs of their country thus increasing the need for intervention.

Resident System The British introduced the Resident System in Malaya through the Pangkor Engagement. According to the Pangkor Engagement, each resident was to advise the sultan on all administrative matters except those pertaining to Malayan religion and custom, but in practice the resident ruled.

The Weaknesses of Resident System There weren’t enough British officers to administer it, and a few these officers could converse in the native language. There was already a hierarchy in the states. Religious matters could be separated from politics, but custom was strong. Revenues collected were the personal income of the Sultan and his chiefs. The residents lack of respect and understanding of Malayan custom, language, and religion.

Federated Malay States (FMS) Selangor Perak Pahang Negeri Sembilan   consolidated under one central ruling system through The Federation Agreement in 1896

Federated Malay States Treaty British Colonial administrator Frank Swettenham (1850–1946) suggested the idea to form the Federated Malay States, and the FMS was established 1 July 1896 and terminated in 1946. Swettenham and other British officers felt that a central government was needed for greater unity, uniformity, and cooperation between these states. The FMS headquarters were established in Kuala Lumpur, where a Federal Civil Service consisting of departments such as Justice, Communications, Finance, and Public Works was set up.

Unfederated Malay States Kelantan Terengganu Kedah Perlis Johor

Unfederated Malay States Under the Bangkok Treaty of 1909, Siam (as Thailand was once known) transferred whatever rights or power over the northern Malay states (Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah and Perlis) to the United Kingdom. The British later imposed treaties similar to the Federated Malay States towards these northern states. Johore accepted a treaty of protection in 1885 and eventually succumbed under pressure to accept a British Advisor in 1904.

Unfederated Malay States Under the Bangkok Treaty of 1909, Siam (as Thailand was once known) transferred whatever rights or power over the northern Malay states (Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah and Perlis) to the United Kingdom. The British later imposed treaties similar to the Federated Malay States towards these northern states. Johore accepted a treaty of protection in 1885 and eventually succumbed under pressure to accept a British Advisor in 1904.