2 Medical Science: History and Practice Lesson 1: The History of Medicine

Lesson Objectives Upon completion of this lesson, students should be able to … Define and spell the terms to learn for this chapter. Discuss the contributions of early medicine to healthcare. Discuss medical contributors of the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries.

Lesson Objectives Identify and discuss the role women played in the history of medicine. Discuss modern medicine and the future of medicine.

The First Doctors Shamans Witch doctors Sorcerers

Code of Hammurabi Used by Babylonian physicians in 3000 BC Named after Hammurabi, an early king of Babylon Laws relate to the practice of medicine If laws were broken, severe penalties were sustained

Early Contributions to Medicine Egyptians: Lists of remedies Surgical treatments of wounds and injuries Records for sanitation Jewish Community: Personal hygiene practices Sanitation and other public health issues Greeks: Use of nonpoisonous snakes to treat wounds

The Caduceus

Other Early Contributions to Medicine Indian: Herbal medical remedies as early as 800 BC Chinese: Writings about human blood pulses around 250 BC Japanese and Chinese: Practice of acupuncture

Critical Thinking Question What medicinal remedies were developed in ancient civilizations and are still being used today?

Early Medicinal Remedies Still Used Today Opium derivates used in medication Nitroglycerin to treat heart patients Digitalis from the foxglove plant to regulate and strengthen the heartbeat Sulfur and cayenne pepper to stop bleeding Chamomile and licorice to aid digestion Cranberry to treat urinary tract infections

Fifth Century to Sixteenth Century Medieval period Time of little or no progress in medical practices Time of many epidemics Medical testing was mostly oral Surgeons only treated the wealthy; others were treated by the local barber

Hippocrates 460-377 BC Known as the “Father of Medicine” Shifted medicine from mysticism to science Prior to Hippocrates little was known of anatomy and physiology Hippocrates stressed the following: The body’s healing nature Clinical descriptions of diseases The ability to discover diseases by listening to the chest

Critical Thinking Questions What is the Hippocratic Oath? Is the Hippocratic Oath relevant to physicians in the 21st century? If so, how?

The Hippocratic Oath Part of the writings of Hippocrates Serves as a widely used ethical guide for physicians Oath includes the physician’s pledge to: work for the good of the patient do the patient no harm prescribe no deadly drugs give no advice that could cause death keep confidential medical information regarding the patient

Galen 130-201 AD Greek physician who practiced in Rome Initially followed the Hippocratic method Stressed the value of anatomy Founded experimental physiology Known as the “Prince of Physicians”

Other Influential Individuals of Early Medicine William Harvey – 1578-1657 Wrote on the topic of blood circulation and experimental method in medicine Galileo – 1564-1642 First to use a telescope to study the skies, leading to the invention of the microscope Anton van Leeuwenhoek – 1632-1723 First person to observe and describe bacteria Responsible for describing spermatozoa and protozoa

Influential Individuals in Medicine During the 18th Century John Hunter – 1728-1793 Founder of Scientific Surgery Edward Jenner – 1749-1823 Performed the first vaccination using the smallpox vaccine Rene Laennec – 1781-1826 Invented the stethoscope Benjamin Franklin – 1706-1790 Discovered that colds could be passed from one person to another

Critical Thinking Question What advancements in medicine that impacted how patients were treated, occurred during the nineteenth century?

Advancements Made in Medicine During the 19th Century Improved knowledge of the human body through accurate documentation Use of sophisticated microscopes Use of injection materials Use of instruments such as the ophthalmoscope Discovery of the cell Discovery that certain diseases and wound infections were caused by microorganisms

Influential Individuals in Medicine During the 19th Century Louis Pasteur – 1822-1895 Established the science of bacteriology Joseph Lister – 1827-1912 Introduced antiseptic system in surgery Ignaz Semmelweiss – 1818-1865 Traced the cause of puerperal sepsis Robert Koch – 1843-1910 Discovered the cause of tuberculosis Paul Ehrlich – 1854-1915 One of the original “microbe hunters”

Other Major Advancements During the 19th Century Discovery of x-rays William Roentgen – 1845-1923 Discovery of radium Pierre Curie – 1859-1906 Marie Curie – 1867-1934 Discovery of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud – 1956-1939

Contributions from Americans in the 19th Century Discovered the use of ether as a general anesthetic William Morton – 1819-1868 Crawford Long – 1815-1878 Helped to conquer yellow fever Walter Reed – 1851-1902

Critical Thinking Question How has medicine advanced from the nineteenth century to the twentieth century?

Major Medical Advances During the First Half of the 20th Century Death rates from diseases such as tuberculosis and diphtheria dropped dramatically Overall mortality rates decreased New emphasis placed on morbidity rates Chemotherapy and the specialty of oncology were developed Development of immunology Progress in endocrinology Advancements in nutrition

Penicillin The introduction of antibiotics First example of using chemicals to treat infections Discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928 Fleming and two other scientists won the Nobel Prize for their work with penicillin

Vaccines Occurred due to the advancements in the study of immunology Discovered in the 1950s Developed by: Dr. Jonas Salk (1914-1996) Dr. Albert Sabin (1906-1993) First vaccines included: Typhoid, tetanus, diphtheria, tuberculosis, yellow fever, influenza, and measles

Influential Women in Medicine Elizabeth Blackwell – 1821-1910 First female physician in the U.S. Awarded degree in 1849 Florence Nightingale – 1820-1910 Founder of modern nursing Referred to as “the Lady with the Lamp” Clara Barton – 1821-1912 Established the American Red Cross Started the first school of nursing in 1860

More Recent Medical Firsts 1954 – First successful kidney transplant 1960 – Invention of the heart pump 1962 – Reattachment of limbs 1967 – First heart transplant 1978 – First test-tube baby 1984 – Discovery of HIV as the cause of AIDS 1997 – Cloning of first sheep 2001 – Placement of an implantable heart 2001 – Completion of human genome project

Advancements of Medicine Currently and in the Future Increased life expectancy rates Improved communication techniques affecting the way patients will be treated Robotics used in surgery

Future Medical Conquests Cure for AIDS Vaccine to prevent HIV Cloning organs to overcome shortage of donors Better treatment and outcomes for mental illness Cure for heart disease, cancer, and obesity Methods to slow aging Regeneration of brain and nerve cells to overcome paralysis Development of antibiotics that do not allow bacteria to develop a resistant strain

Questions?