Responsibility to Protect: Darfur Jan Lee Amari Madoka Teo Si Jia Yukina Yoshida

Agenda Historical Background Complications in Intervening in Darfur Timeline of Significant Events Failures of the International Community R2P Evaluation Current Situation

Historical Background Geography Sudan is the largest country in Africa, bordering the Red Sea Darfur is a region in western Sudan, roughly the size of France, with a population of around 6 million before the conflict broke out

Historical Background Sudan Has always been a troubled region Gained independence in 1956 Since then, it has been through a series of civil wars, mostly between its northern and southern regions Conflicts are fuelled by: Oil National self-determination Religion

Historical Background Recent Political History General Omar al-Bashir staged a military coup in 1989 National Islamic Front (NIF) took power NIF renamed as National Congress Party (NCP) Intensified war with the South Neglect of Darfur worsened

Historical Background Darfur Diverse make-up Over 90 tribes Main parties: Northern portion (arid) of Darfur: Arab tribes living as nomadic herders Southern portion (arable) of Darfur: African tribes (Fur, Maasalit, Zaghawa, etc.) living as farmers

Historical Background Setting the Stage for Genocide Since the 1980s, drought, famine, and desertification have beset Darfur Caused the competition for land between herders and farmers Traditionally, conflicts were resolved by respected local councils peacefully When Omar al-Bashir took power, these councils were abolished Persistent neglect of the region continued

Historical Background The Trigger 2003: Two Darfuri rebel movements began attacking the government for neglecting the region and rising tensions between farmers and nomads Sudan Liberation Army (SLA) Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) Khartoum (capital of Sudan) responded by unleashing the Janjaweed (devils on horseback) onto Darfur Killed, raped, and pillaged Conflict continues to this day

Complications in Intervening in Darfur Darfur was the first test case of R2P Justification of intervention in Iraq Geostrategic interests overshadowing conflict North-South conflict

Timeline of Significant Events Ndjamena Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement Apr 8, 2004 Rushed agreement Resolution 1556 July 22, 2004 Called for disarmament of the Janjaweed Labelled ‘genocide’ Sept 9, 2004 US Congress Colin Powell called Darfur a genocide UN International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur Sept 2004 Sudanese government and the Janjaweed committed crimes against humanity Resolution 1591 Call to cease ‘offensive military flights’

Followed by the leak of a UNSC report UN pledged support for AMIS NCP softens stance against UN mission Feb 2006 Followed by the leak of a UNSC report Darfur Peace Agreement May 5, 2006 Only signatories were Khartoum and Minni Minawi’s faction of SLM Resolution 1706 Aug 31, 2006 Appeal for the consent for an UN takeover, Chapter VII Nov 2006, agreed to AU-UN hybrid force Resolution 1769 July 31, 2007 UNAMID UN Security Council Resolution 1706 authorised a UN mission of at least 20,600 troops and police to deploy to Darfur with a Chapter VII mandate allowing use of force to protect threatened civilians, UN personnel, humanitarian workers and the DPA.1 The Sudanese government’s consent is only “invited” to this deployment, not formally required,2

Failures of the International Community Inadequacy of Peace Agreements Ndjamena Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement Talks were rushed through Became the basis for diplomatic efforts in Darfur Many aspects of the agreement were lacking, particularly, the ceasefire mandate and civilian protection mandate Darfur Peace Agreement Concluded hastily as well Ignored the counsel of security advisers

Failures of the International Community Support for AMIS Relied on European and N. American funding as African nations lacked the necessary resources Needed stronger mandate to protect civilians, more realistic concept of operations, more manpower, better logistics, and funding No clear goals set out for them, tried to tackle the issue from too many angles

Failures of the International Community United Nations Slow to take actions Reluctance to exert pressure on Khartoum Failed to impose serious sanctions, bans, and a no-fly zone The freeze of assets and sanctions of individuals involved UNSC failed to monitor the disarmament and enhanced security of displacement camps

Failures of the International Community International Bystanders Moral right to intervene without council authorisation US and UK Russia and China, arms and oil Naval blockade requires backing from UNSC Initiative of EU and European governments

Failures of the International Community UN Peacekeeping Forces Expectations of them were wildly inflated Did not possess the power to disarm Needed 40,000-50,000 peacekeepers Resulted in reversal of priorities, from diplomacy to protection

Evaluation Based on R2P Just Cause ★★★★★ Right Intention Last Resort ★ Proportional Means ★★ Reasonable Prospect Right Authority

Just Cause ★★★★★ R2P “Large scale loss of life… which is the product… of deliberate state action” Death toll 400,000 (according to UHRC, 2014)

Right Intention ★★★★★ Recognition of humanitarian abuse from an early stage Weak presence of non-humanitarian interest for states to intervene in Darfur Reluctance to repeat the mistake of Rwanda

Last Resort ★☆☆☆☆ Necessity of international pressure due to Khartoum’s reluctance Alternatives: More effective sanctions, diplomacy, no-fly zone

Proportional Means ★★☆☆☆ AMIS: approx. 7,000 soldiers (2005) UNMIS: +17,300 soldiers for Darfur (decided in 2006) Rejected by Khartoum UNAMID: approx. 20,000 peacekeepers (2007) Slow deployment

Reasonable Prospect ★★☆☆☆ Ineffective and unclear strategy Boots on the ground were not the best strategy More international pressure and sanctions were needed instead Proposed plans were vague

Right Authority ★★★★★ Constitutional rights of UN and AU No actions outside of UN authorization Refugees spilling into Chad makes the conflict a trans-boundary problem

Present Situation: Sudan 2010: Al-Bashir resigned from the top position of the military but is still in his presidency. Situation has not improved. 2011: Independence of South Sudan

Present Situation: Darfur Talks have been arranged for the AU Peace and Security Council, the government, JEM and SLM/MM to meet and negotiate an agreement but there has been no improvement. July, 2011: Doha Document for Peace in Darfur (DDPD) Signed by the Sudanese government and LJM JEM rejected the framework due to the issues of territorial claims and voting system 23rd Nov: AU-initiated talks with these parties Failed

Current Situation: Civilians March 2009, UN peacekeeping chief in Sudan: “The world should no longer consider the long-running conflict a war.” However, humanitarian abuse still persists (Thomson Reuters Foundation) Destruction of villages and violence towards civilians Displacement of approx. 400,000 in the first half of 2014 Mass rape Environment of displacement camps Still feeling the effects of 2013’s famine UNAMID continues to observe the situation

Main References Bellamy, A. (n.d.). Responsibility to Protect or Trojan Horse? The Crisis in Darfur and Humanitarian Intervention after Iraq. De Waal, A. (n.d.). Darfur and the failure of the responsibility to protect. International Crisis Group. (n.d.). Getting the UN into Darfur Badescu, C., & Bergholm, L. (n.d.). The Responsibility To Protect and the Conflict in Darfur: The Big Let-Down.

URLs http://www.saidbyred.com/2011/07/failing-r2p-neglect-of-sudan.html http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?rubrique1 http://unamid.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=11060 http://unamid.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=10997&currentpage=2&language=en-US http://sudanreeves.org/2014/09/03/darfur-an-invisible-famine-in-the-making-obscured-by-un-refusal-to-release-critical-malnutrition-data-3-august-2014/ https://www.radiodabanga.org/node/75616 http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2009-09-03-darfur_N.htm http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2007/02/200852517257257723.html http://darfurdreamteam.org/the-crisis/timeline http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/sudan0611webwcover.pdf http://www.trust.org/spotlight/Darfur-conflict http://www.unitedhumanrights.org/genocide/genocide-in-sudan.htm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3496731.stm http://endgenocide.org/conflict-areas/sudan/sudan-backgrounder/ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-reeves/post_8247_b_5683453.html http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-22336600 http://worldwithoutgenocide.org/genocides-and-conflicts/darfur-genocide http://www.jewishworldwatch.org/conflictareas/sudan/overview/sudan-genocide http://www.enoughproject.org/conflicts/sudans/history-of-the-conflict http://crawfurd.dk/africa/sudan_timeline.htm http://www.infoplease.com/country/sudan.html?pageno=7 http://bashirwatch.org/

The End