Devesh Rohra, Wiley Zhang, Kiersten Kalua, Naduki Moriya interviews Devesh Rohra, Wiley Zhang, Kiersten Kalua, Naduki Moriya

Consideration Before An Interview Data Collection Method and Establishing an Interview Guide Choice of interview based on aim, time, and resources Interview method should capture quality of people's ideas, interpretations, and understanding of a situation Interviewer Consider gender, ethnicity, language, and age Participants should feel comfortable and the language in the interview is understandable; training of interviewers to have professional approach is important Sampling and Sampling Method Consider selection criteria for participants Decide sampling method; should depend on research topic but qualitative research uses purposive sample often due to the focus on people which similar experiences Data Recording Decide recording methods (consider strengths and limits); best to audiotape a semi-structured interview so interviewer can focus on the interaction with participants Transcription of data Verbatim transcript (word-by-word text) is enough to perform thematic analysis Post modern transcripts features laughs, pauses, incomplete sentences, smile, interruptions, etc. Ethical Considerations Is the research socially sensitive? Does the research involve emotional stress? How will informed consent and briefing be addressed? Reflexivity Consider researcher's interest and position in the research and how it is addressed

Considerations During an Interview Establishing a rapport between interviewer and participants: A trusting open relationship is the best way to have participants talk freely. Data Recording: Make sure that technical equipment functions properly from the start of the interview so that the interviewer can concentrate on the participant. Active and neutral listening: Ask questions clearly and be an active listener. Do not interrupt the respondent, and be neutral. Also ensure that participants have the opportunity to explain their own views to prevent bias such as “participant expectation or researcher bias. Professional approach: If participants want to withdraw in the middle of the interview, they should be allowed to leave (even though data is lost).

Considerations After an Interview Debriefing Participants must b informed about the results of the research and have the rights to withdraw their data Confidentiality and Anonymity Participants should be unidentifiable; since participant's own words are used as documentation for interpretation, their names must be changed Credibility Check Peer Review to check interpretation Consult participants about analysis and interpretation of the data Specific Consent to use data, photos, etc. All data in the study should only be used if there is specific consent from participants; destruction of videos and photos after a study to ensure anonymity, but there are exceptions

BASIC OVERVIEW Used as an alternative to semi-structured interviews Consists of 6-10 people who are interviewed at the same time Facilitator introduces participants to each other, asks questions, and leads group interaction Participants are to interaction with one another just as in real life; use of own language; anyone can participate, even those who are illiterate Participants discuss and respond to each other's statements; gives special dynamics to interview and generates rich data

STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS Quick way to collect data from multiple participants simultaneously Provides natural setting for interaction between participants; conversational approach may result in more ecological validity than semi-structured interview Useful in sensitive issues because people are more likely to reveal how they think and why the experience what they do Raise ethical issues when participants are not free Presence of others may result in group dynamics such as conformity, skewing the data Participants may not want to disclose private information

Narrative Interview What is it? Individual interpretations of the world told by people in a story-like way How is data analyzed? While analyzing this kind of data is difficult, researchers suggest looking for patterns, themes, regularities, contrasts, paradoxes Heavy focus on meaning

Characteristics of a Narrative Interview... Mix of facts and interpretations of experiences Interviewer asks questions such as; "Could you tell me of the time when..." or, "And then what happened?" Interviewer does not interrupt during the interview Often constructed like a real story with a beginning, middle, end Can be based on a life story or a situation

Narrative Interview Strengths Limitations Useful way to gain in-depth understanding of how meaning is constructed for people Can be used with all people (can talk freely) May be more useful in sensitive issues (gives insight to how people think and why) Time consuming to analyze data Narratives may go in any direction (participant decides what to say) Possible ethical issues

Semi-structured Interview Basic Overview interview schedule with specified questions but more informal and flexible guide giving themes to explore (check list to avoid making the theme go off in tangent, but the order, wording and depth of questions are flexible) open and close-ended questions face to face

Semi-structured Interview Strengths Limitations possible to maintain focus of interview but flexible and more freedom themes are already decided before the interview can get in-depth knowledge useful in socially sensitive issues (themes can be fully explored) data analysis is very time consuming cannot explore themes that have been not planned beforehand one to one situation = somewhat artificial and may raise issues of ecological validity

Example Study -Totten- Aim: to investigate how young girlfriend abuses used violence to construct their masculinity Participants: 30 abusive adolescent males in Canada 15.6 years old boyfriends had pro-abusive beliefs, masculine ideals, and admitted to using violence towards their girlfriends dropped out of school early Finding: similar backgrounds influenced violent behaviour in the family = thought violence as justified/ necessary fathers = violence to control family members 21 people adopted violent behaviour