Biomolecules, Enzymes, Cell Structure, Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes DAY 1 Biomolecules, Enzymes, Cell Structure, Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Day # 1 (MONDAY) : CONCEPTS: biomolecules, Enzymes, Cell Structure, Prokaryote/Eukaryote   1. Pass out review packets and Folders 2. Biomolecule cards :oral review, and then manipulatives 3. Packet # 1- 11 4. Enzymes: review the parts, activation energy, etc 5. Packet # 12-13 6. Prokaryote/ Prokaryote T-Chart 7. Packet # 14-27 8. MOC STAAR Questions: 11, 26, 46, 37

Biomolecules What are the 4 Biomolecules? Which Biomolecule(s) have Carbon, Hydrogen & Oxygen (CHO)? Which Biomolecule(s) have Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen & Nitrogen (CHON)? Which Biomolecule(s) have Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen & Phosphorus (CHONP)?

Monomers & Polymers Macromolecules are actually made up of even smaller subunits. Each subunit of a macromolecule is called a monomer. The macromolecules themselves are called polymers, because they are made up of many of these subunits. Monomer: one basic unit or subunit Polymer: a chain of many basic units

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates: Structure Carbohydrates are made up of… Monomer (basic unit): simple sugars (or monosaccharides) Ex.: glucose Polymer (chain of units): complex carbohydrates (or polysaccharides) Ex.: starch, cellulose, chitin, glycogen Disaccharide: 2 simple sugars bonded together

Carbohydrates: Function Provide body with energy! What should you eat before playing the big game? Candy bar or pasta? Candy bar: contains simple sugars, provides a short burst of energy Pasta: contains starch which takes longer to break down, provides longer-lasting energy *We can’t digest cellulose- it is used as fiber, or roughage instead. Ex. : corn Complex carb (ex. Starch) Broken down to disaccharides Broken down further Simple sugars (ex. Glucose)

Carbohydrates: Food Sources Simple carbs (simple sugars) are found in most candy and sweet drinks, fruit, vegetables, and milk. They are quickly digested and give a short burst of energy. Complex carbs (like starches) are found in pasta, bread, potatoes, legumes & corn. They take longer to digest, and provide energy longer.

Lipids: Structure Lipids are made up of… Monomer (basic unit): fatty acids Polymer (chain of units): lipids Specific examples: triglycerides, phospholipids

Lipids: Function Make up the cell membrane, providing cell structure Provide insulation (fat keeps body warm) Long-term energy storage

Lipids: Food Sources As you might have guessed, fatty foods contain lipids. Lipids are found in meat and fish, oils, avacados, eggs & nuts.

Proteins

Proteins: Structure Proteins are made up of… Monomer (basic unit): amino acids 20 different kinds!* Polymer (chain of units): protein More specifically- polypeptides dipeptide Amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Proteins: Function Build and repair muscle and tissues “No pain, no gain!” Enzymes- proteins that speed up chemical reactions

Proteins: Food Sources Proteins are found in meat, fish, legumes, nuts, milk, eggs, grains and soy products. There are 6 amino acids that our bodies cannot make- we can only get these from food.

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids: Structure Nucleic Acids are made up of… Monomers (basic unit): nucleotides Polymers (chain of units): DNA or RNA

Nucleic Acids: Function Stores and carries genetic information

Nucleic Acids: Food Sources We get nucleic acid components from vitamins and minerals in our diet. These in turn, come from fruits, vegetables, grains, meats, & almost anything else you can think of with some nutritional value (no junk food!).

Digestion & Reconstruction When macromolecules are eaten, they are digested and broken down into their subunits (monomers). Analogy: taking apart an old brick building Inside the cells, these subunits are reconstructed into the macromolecules we need. Analogy: using bricks to build a new building

Digestion Products Macromolecule eaten: (Polymer) Broken down in stomach to: (Monomer) Carbohydrates Simple sugars (i.e. glucose) Lipids Fatty acids & glycerol (glycerol further broken down to glucose) Proteins Amino acids Nucleic Acids Nucleotides

Biomolecule Manipulatives- Take out the cards out of the bag Biomolecule Manipulatives- Take out the cards out of the bag. Match them up based on the 4 different Biomolecules. Line the Title cards at the top of your desk Carbs, Lipids, Protein, Nucleic Acid

Biomolecules Review Questions

Question Can you compare Polymers and Monomers?

Answer Polymers are large molecules made of smaller molecules. Monomers are the smaller molecules.

Question What is the monomer for a Protein?

Answer Amino Acids

Question What is the role of Carbohydrates

Answer Main Source of Energy

Question Which elements are found in Biomolecules?

Answer Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P)

What are some examples of Lipids? Question What are some examples of Lipids?

Answer Fats, Oils and Waxes

Polymer 1 CARBOHYDRATE 2. LIPID 3. PROTEIN 4. NUCLEIC ACID   Monomer Monosaccharides Fatty acids and Glycerol Amino acids Nucleotides Elements C, H, O C, H, O, N, S C, H, O, N, P Example Monomer Structure Example Polymer Structure Food Examples Sugars and starches Fats, Oils, Waxes Meat, eggs, milk, beans, nuts All food Functions Sugars, the smallest carbohydrates, serve as fuel for cells Short term energy source Lipids store large amounts of energy Long term energy source Insulation Make up biological membranes A protein’s function depends on its unique sequence of amino acids. Some are enzymes Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information.

GET OUT YOUR GREEN PACKET… Complete # 1-11

Polymer 1 CARBOHYDRATE 2. LIPID 3. PROTEIN 4. NUCLEIC ACID   Monomer Monosaccharides Fatty acids and Glycerol Amino acids Nucleotides Elements C, H, O C, H, O, N, S C, H, O, N, P Example Monomer Structure Example Polymer Structure Food Examples Sugars and starches Fats, Oils, Waxes Meat, eggs, milk, beans, nuts All food Functions Sugars, the smallest carbohydrates, serve as fuel for cells Short term energy source Lipids store large amounts of energy Long term energy source Insulation Make up biological membranes A protein’s function depends on its unique sequence of amino acids. Some are enzymes Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information.

5. A 6. D 7. C 8. B 9. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen 10 5. A 6. D 7. C 8. B 9. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen 10. Both are forms of energy (Carbs are short term energy and Lipids are stored energy) and they both have the elements C, H, O 11.Monomer is a building block of polymers. Polymers are made up of many monomers. Biomolecules are Polymers and they are made up of many monomers.

Enzymes… Are proteins that act as biological catalysts. A Catalyst is anything that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. Catalysts speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy. Cells use enzymes to speed up reactions necessary for life. For example – breaking down biomolecules in food, and synthesizing new molecules,

Enzymes almost always end in “ase” Quick Note: Enzymes almost always end in “ase” e.g. Catalase, Amalase, Lactase

Enzymes are biological Catalysts! A Catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. Catalysts work by lowering a reaction’s activation energy. Activation Energy is the energy required to initiate a reaction

Substrate The substance changed or acted on by an enzyme is called a substrate. Enzymes have highly SPECIFIC substrates.

Enzymes are proteins… and their structure determines their function But HOW are enzymes paired with the right substrate? Enzymes are proteins… and their structure determines their function

All enzymes have an ACTIVE SITE The active site is where the substrate binds to the enzyme. Though the substrate is changed during a reaction, the Enzyme is not. It can be used again and again!

The Enzyme Substrate complex Enzymes only function if their substrate can fit in or around the active site. The active site’s shape must match the substrate’s shape. After a reaction, the substrate is changed but the Enzyme is not.

Which one will fit ?

ENZYMES HELP US GET ENERGY FROM FOOD! Major Digestive Enzymes Produced In Acts On Carbohydrate Digestion Salivary Amylase Maltase Lactase Celluase Salivary Glands Small Intestine Appendix Starch Maltose Lactose Cellulose Protein Digestion Pepsin Trypsin Peptidases Gastric Glands Pancreas Proteins Fat Digestion Lipase Fat

GET OUT YOUR GREEN PACKET… Complete # 12-13

Label the following Diagram below: 12) Label the image below with the following terms: active site, reactant, enzyme. B………………..... A………..…....... C…….…...……….............. +

+ Label the following Diagram below: 12) Label the image below with the following terms: active site, reactant, enzyme. B. Active Site A. Enzyme. C. Substrate +

different catalysts function the same amino acids activation energy 13. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences using the words in the box below. different catalysts function the same amino acids activation energy a) Enzymes are biological CATALYSTS that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. b) Enzymes are protein molecules, which are made up of long chains of AMINO ACIDS. c) The sequence and type of amino acids are DIFFERENT in each protein, so they produce enzymes with many different shapes and functions. d) The shape of an enzyme is very important to its FUNCTION. e) Enzymes lower the ACTIVATION ENERGY.

a. substrate b. product c. enzyme d. complex 30. This diagram shows an enzyme-substrate complex. Which is represented by Structure X? a. substrate b. product c. enzyme d. complex

CELLS

A. All Living things are composed of cells The Cell Theory A THEORY is a well-tested explanation that is based on observations A. All Living things are composed of cells Cells can be: 1)unicellular (one cell) 2)multicellular (many cells)

Cell Theory cont… B. Cells are the basic units of living things

Cell theory cont… C . New cells are produced from existing cells

There are 2 types of cells EUKARYOTE PROKARYOTE

What do you notice about these cells? similarities or differences Eukaryotes DNA Prokaryotes

On your desk Write a Venn Diagram. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

What does Prokaryote (pro-KAR-ee-othts) mean? Pro = before karyon = nucleus Does not contain a nucleus

Example of Prokaryote: Bacteria There are many different types of bacteria Some can cause disease Some recycle important natural resources through decomposition Some bacteria is used to make food, such as milk products

Actual Prokaryotic Cells

What does Eukaryotes (yoo-KAR-ee-ohts) mean? Eu = true karyon = nucleus Does contain a nucleus Examples: Animals, plants, fungi, and protists

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes COMPLETE THE VENN DIAGRAM BELOW! Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Both Eukaryotes Smaller Larger type of cell Include bacteria Found in humans Lack nucleus Contain DNA Nucleus Lack organelles Contain Organelles Mostly unicellular organisms microscopic Complex outer membrane Simple Mostly multicellular organisms

Which organism listed is a prokaryote? protist bacterium fungus plant 7-1 QUESTION 2 Which organism listed is a prokaryote? protist bacterium fungus plant Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

GET OUT YOUR GREEN PACKET… Complete # 14-27

14. Bacteria 15. Plant 16. Animal 17. Prokaryote 18. Eukaryote 19 14. Bacteria 15. Plant 16. Animal 17. Prokaryote 18. Eukaryote 19. Eukaryote 20. Prokaryotic 21. Eukaryotic 22. Eukaryotic 23. Bacteria 24. DNA 25. Small & Simple 26. Large & Complex 27. Cell wall, chloroplast, large vacuole

MOC STAAR QUESTIONS 11, 26, 46, 37