Figure 22–6 A Cladogram of Plant Groups Section 22-1 Flowering plants Cone-bearing plants Ferns and their relatives Mosses and their relatives Green algae ancestor Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit Seeds Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue Go to Section:

Gymnosperms – do not produce flowers or fruits but do produce seeds and have vascular tissue. Pollen– carries sperm cell; is not dependent on water; carried by wind Seed – embryo of a plant; after pollination fertilized egg develops into a seed

Most gymnosperms have needles with thick waxy coverings instead of leaves. Needles help gymnosperms conserve water.

Seed Plants Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Gymnosperms – do not produce flowers or fruits but do produce seeds and have vascular tissue. Largest group of gymnosperms are the conifers. Ex; pine trees White Pines Fur Trees Cypress Trees Conifers are an important source for building materials and paper products

Conifers have 2 types of cones; male and female Male cones produce pollen that carries sperm cells Female cones produce eggs Seed Cones (female) And Pollen Cones (male)

Seed Plants Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Pollination occurs by the wind: not dependent on water After pollination, the fertilized egg develops into a seed.

Figure 22–19 The Structure of a Seed Section 22-4 Seed coat Embryo Stored food supply Seed Wing B A Go to Section:

Cycads

Angiosperms: Why are they so successful at poliination?

Angiosperms are the most highly successful of all plants Angiosperms are the most highly successful of all plants. They produce flowers, fruits, and seeds. Because of these adaptations they are the most abundant plants on Earth.

Pollination occurs mostly by animals (best adaptation!) Many angiosperms have mutual relationships with animals like insects, bats, or birds. As animals gather nectar from flowers, they also transfer pollen from flower to flower. Many species are flower specific- only gather nectar from one type of flower. After pollination and fertilization, seeds develop inside protective fruits.

Gametophyte generation is very tiny (only a few cells) Gametophyte generation is very tiny (only a few cells). In gymnosperms and angiosperms it is protected inside seeds and fruits so the young of seed plants tend to survive better. The spores of ferns and mosses must land in a wet habitat. If they do not, they will die. Gametophyte (N) Sporophyte (2N) Seed plants Bryophytes ferns Sperm does not have to swim thru water- it is carried by wind or animals during pollination. This enables seed plants to live in dryer habitats. It also increases reproductive success.

II. Angiosperms – produce flowers, fruits, and seeds and are the most abundant plants on Earth. A. Two main types of angiosperms: Monocots and Dicots

Figure 22–25 Comparison of Monocots and Dicots Section 22-5 Monocots Dicots 1 seed leaf Parallel veins Floral parts in multiples of 3 Vascular bundles scattered Fibrous roots Two Branched veins Floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5 Vascular bundles in a ring Taproot Seeds Leaves Flowers Stems Roots Go to Section:

Figure 24–5 The Structure of a Flower Section 24-1 Filament Anther Stigma Style Ovary Carpel Petal Sepal Ovule Stamen I. Carpel – female a. Stigma – traps pollem b. Style supports stigma; forms a pollen tube c. Ovary – becomes fruit d. Ovule- becomes seeds II. Stamen – male a. Anther- produces pollen b. Filament- supports anther III. Petals – attract pollinators IV. Sepals – protect flower bud while it is developing

From flower to fruit Flowers, fruits and seeds…

Figure 24–5 The Structure of a Flower Section 24-1 I. Carpel – female a. Stigma – traps pollen b. Style supports stigma; forms a pollen tube for sperm to reach egg c. Ovary – becomes fruit d. Ovule- eggs that becomes seeds II. Stamen – male a. Anther- produces pollen b. Filament- supports anther c. pollen – carries sperm III. Petals – attract pollinators IV. Sepals – protect flower bud while it is developing Filament Anther Stigma Style Ovary Carpel Petal Sepal Ovule Stamen

Figure 22–6 A Cladogram of Plant Groups Section 22-1 Flowering plants Cone-bearing plants Ferns and their relatives Mosses and their relatives Green algae ancestor Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit Seeds Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue Go to Section:

Figure 22–6 A Cladogram of Plant Groups Section 22-1 Flowering plants Cone-bearing plants Ferns and their relatives Mosses and their relatives ????????? Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit Seeds Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue What organism do scientist believe all plants evolved from? Green Algae Go to Section:

Figure 22–6 A Cladogram of Plant Groups Section 22-1 Flowering plants Cone-bearing plants ???? Mosses and their relatives Green algae ancestor Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit Seeds Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue Fern and their relatives First group of plants to evolve vascular tissue? Go to Section:

Figure 22–6 A Cladogram of Plant Groups Section 22-1 Flowering plants ?????????? Ferns and their relatives Mosses and their relatives Green algae ancestor Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit Seeds Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue Gymnosperms What group of plants were the first to evolve seeds? Go to Section:

Flowering plants Cone-bearing plants Ferns and their relatives Mosses and their relatives Green algae ancestor Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit Seeds Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue The Seed ???????????? What characteristic evolved at this point to bring fourth cone-bearing plants?

Conifers are found in which of the four groups of plants? Gymnosperms

This plant belongs in what group of plants? Bryophyte

Fill in the Blank In bryophytes….. Fertilization occurs when ______________ swims thru water to egg – gametophyte forms Sperm

How does pollination usually occur in angiosperms? Animals

What group of plants does this organism belong? Angiosperms

Name the two parts of a plant’s life cycle Gametophyte stage and Sporophyte stage

How does pollination occur usually in gymnosperms? By Wind

Group of plants that is Seedless but has vascular tissues Ferns

Group of Plants that Have Vascular Tissue and Seeds enclosed in a fruit Angiosperms

How will this seed be dispersed? Wind

Dicot b/c of the branched veins in the leaf Monocot or Dicot? Dicot b/c of the branched veins in the leaf

Part of the flower that attracts pollinators Petals

The part of the flower that protects the immature flower as a bud Sepals

Stamen Male reproductive part of the flower The stamen is made up of two parts

Carpel or Pistil The female parts of the flower make up the ____________

Carpel or Pistil Stigma

Style

Ovule

Anther

What becomes the fruit of a flower after fertilization? The Ovary

Waxy covering of a leaf that prevents the leaf from drying out Cuticle

Scientist believe that all plants probably evolved from a common ancestor to today’s _____________________ Green Algae

A c B d E F