Political Power and Globalization

Reconfiguration of Political Power Modern state as principal type of political rule 18th and 19th century Correspondence between territory, sovereignty, and legitimacy Supreme jurisdiction over a demarcated political area Enjoying a monopoly of coercive power Nation-state: Legitimacy based on consent and loyalty of citizens International society of states Territorial sovereignty Formal equality Non-intervention in internal affairs State consent as the foundation of international legal agreement

Sovereign equality "I who am the sultan of sultans, the sovereign of sovereigns, the dispenser of crowns to the monarchs on the face of the earth . . . to thee who are Francis, king of the land of France."-Suleiman, in the opening of a letter to Francis I of France

“Formal Equality”

Reconfiguration of Political Power New international actors International Governmental Organizations (IGOs) Multi-national corporations (MNCs) International non-governmental organizations (INGOs) and transnational social movements International terrorist and criminal networks Increasing number of international treaties Cosmopolitan law –limiting the political power of individual states

Intergovernmental Organizations Associations of states created to advance common goals and whose activities extend beyond national boundaries. Based on the principle of sovereign equality. United Nations and the UN system (global) To maintain international peace and security To achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character International Labor Organization World Health Organization United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

Intergovernmental Organizations Economic Institutions World Bank International Monetary Fund World Trade Organization Regional Organizations European Union North American Free Trade Area Organization of American States Association of Southeast Asian Nations African Union

IGOs and Globalization Promotion of free markets, liberal democracy, and human rights Single purpose to multi-purpose More intrusive, states cede sovereignty voluntarily. Peace-making and state-building East Timor, UN Transnational Administration, 1999-2002; Kosovo, UN Transnational Administration, 1999- ; Bosnia UN Mission 1995-2002. Membership conditionality European Union and Council of Europe World Trade Organization Adjudication World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement European Court of Human Rights

UN in East Timor, Kosovo, Bosnia

International Non-governmental Organizations Non-state actors organized transnationally around a particular issue area Amnesty International, Doctors Without Borders, Greenpeace Roles: Provide information Issue-based campaigns Transnational leverage Administer local projects, deliver assistance Assets: Credibility: do not represent state or commercial interests Represent local and grassroots constituencies

Number of IGOs and INGOs

MNCs and Public/Private Partnerships Multi-National Corporations: engages in foreign direct investment and owns or controls value-added activities in more than one country Public/private partnerships Private security: Blackwater in Iraq Health sector, vaccines and fight against disease Global Compact: MNCs, IGOs, INGOs, and governments cooperate to advocate core values. Private sector standard- setting to avoid public regulation Accounting, credit-rating, product health and safety standards

Blackwater: A Private Military Company

Human Rights 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights Many covenants and protocols Sovereignty as responsibility and responsibility to protect. 2009 UN Report and resolution States have the primary responsibility to protect their populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity The international community has responsibility to provide assistance to states in building capacity for the above. The international community has responsibility to take timely and decisive action against states that fail to protect their populations

Crimes against Humanity- International Tribunals Nuremburg Trials after WW2 International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia ICT for Rwanda Special Courts (Sierra Leone, Lebanon, Cambodia) International Criminal Court 2002: persecutes individuals for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. Cases where accused is a citizen of a state party. (China, US, Russia, Turkey are not parties) Cases after founding Rome Treaty came into effect. Uganda, DR Congo, Central African Republic, Darfur (Sudan)

Who are They?

Reconfiguration of Political Power in Europe (European Union) Supranationalism: Delegation and pooling of sovereignty State consent State equality Issues of exclusive competence, shared competence, and national (complementary) competence. Exclusive: Common trade policy, monetary policy Shared: social policy, environmental policy National: education, culture

EUROZONE Dark Blue: Participating countries, since 1999 (coins and banknotes entered circulation 2002) Light Blue: Participating countries, after 1999 Brown: EU members without the euro

EU Institutions EU institutions: European Commission: represent European interest. One bureaucrat/ state European Council: represent national interests. Vote weights proportional to population European Parliament: directly elected. Represent ideological interests. Seats proportional to population

European Commission

European Parliament